// ***************************************************************************************************************************
// * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file *
// * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file        *
// * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance            *
// * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at                                                              *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                                                                             *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an  *
// * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the        *
// * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.                                              *
// ***************************************************************************************************************************
package org.apache.juneau.reflect;

import static org.apache.juneau.internal.ObjectUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.common.internal.ArgUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.common.internal.StringUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.common.internal.ThrowableUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.internal.CollectionUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.internal.ConsumerUtils.*;

import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.function.*;

import org.apache.juneau.*;
import org.apache.juneau.internal.*;

/**
 * Lightweight utility class for introspecting information about a class.
 *
 * <p>
 * Provides various convenience methods for introspecting fields/methods/annotations
 * that aren't provided by the standard Java reflection APIs.
 *
 * <p>
 * Objects are designed to be lightweight to create and threadsafe.
 *
 * <h5 class='figure'>Example:</h5>
 * <p class='bjava'>
 *    <jc>// Wrap our class inside a ClassInfo.</jc>
 *    ClassInfo <jv>classInfo</jv> = ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(MyClass.<jk>class</jk>);
 *
 *    <jc>// Get all methods in parent-to-child order, sorted alphabetically per class.</jc>
 *    <jk>for</jk> (MethodInfo <jv>methodInfo</jv> : <jv>classInfo</jv>.getAllMethods()) {
 *       <jc>// Do something with it.</jc>
 *    }
 *
 *    <jc>// Get all class-level annotations in parent-to-child order.</jc>
 *    <jk>for</jk> (MyAnnotation <jv>annotation</jv> : <jv>classInfo</jv>.getAnnotations(MyAnnotation.<jk>class</jk>)) {
 *       <jc>// Do something with it.</jc>
 *    }
 * </p>
 *
 * <h5 class='section'>See Also:</h5><ul>
 * </ul>
 */
public final class ClassInfo {

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Static
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   private static final Map<Class<?>,ClassInfo> CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

   /** Reusable ClassInfo for Object class. */
   public static final ClassInfo OBJECT = ClassInfo.of(Object.class);

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param t The class type.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Type t) {
      if (t == null)
         return null;
      if (t instanceof Class)
         return of((Class<?>)t);
      return new ClassInfo(ClassUtils.toClass(t), t);
   }

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Class<?> c) {
      if (c == null)
         return null;
      ClassInfo ci = CACHE.get(c);
      if (ci == null) {
         ci = new ClassInfo(c, c);
         CACHE.put(c, ci);
      }
      return ci;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @param t The generic type (if parameterized type).
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Class<?> c, Type t) {
      if (c == t)
         return of(c);
      return new ClassInfo(c, t);
   }

   /**
    * Same as using the constructor, but operates on an object instance.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the object was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Object o) {
      return of(o == null ? null : o instanceof Class ? (Class<?>)o : o.getClass());
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #of(Object)} but attempts to deproxify the object if it's wrapped in a CGLIB proxy.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the object was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo ofProxy(Object o) {
      if (o == null)
         return null;
      Class<?> c = getProxyFor(o);
      return c == null ? ClassInfo.of(o) : ClassInfo.of(c);
   }

   /**
    * When this metadata is against a CGLIB proxy, this method finds the underlying "real" class.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The non-proxy class, or <jk>null</jk> if it's not a CGLIB proxy.
    */
   private static Class<?> getProxyFor(Object o) {
      Class<?> c = o.getClass();
      String s = c.getName();
      if (s.indexOf('$') == -1 || ! s.contains("$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$"))
         return null;
      Value<Class<?>> v = Value.empty();
      ClassInfo.of(c).forEachPublicMethod(
         m -> m.hasName("getTargetClass") && m.hasNoParams() && m.hasReturnType(Class.class),
         m -> safeRun(() -> v.set(m.invoke(o)))
      );
      return v.orElse(null);
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Instance
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   private final Type t;
   final Class<?> c;
   private final boolean isParameterizedType;
   private volatile Boolean isRepeatedAnnotation;
   private volatile ClassInfo[] interfaces, declaredInterfaces, parents, allParents;
   private volatile MethodInfo[] publicMethods, declaredMethods, allMethods, allMethodsParentFirst;
   private volatile MethodInfo repeatedAnnotationMethod;
   private volatile ConstructorInfo[] publicConstructors, declaredConstructors;
   private volatile FieldInfo[] publicFields, declaredFields, allFields;
   private volatile Annotation[] declaredAnnotations;
   private int dim = -1;
   private ClassInfo componentType;

   private final ConcurrentHashMap<Method,MethodInfo> methods = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
   private final ConcurrentHashMap<Field,FieldInfo> fields = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
   private final ConcurrentHashMap<Constructor<?>,ConstructorInfo> constructors = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

   /**
    * Constructor.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @param t The generic type (if parameterized type).
    */
   protected ClassInfo(Class<?> c, Type t) {
      this.t = t;
      this.c = c;
      this.isParameterizedType = t == null ? false : (t instanceof ParameterizedType);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the wrapped class as a {@link Type}.
    *
    * @return The wrapped class as a {@link Type}.
    */
   public Type innerType() {
      return t;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the wrapped class as a {@link Class}.
    *
    * @param <T> The inner class type.
    * @return The wrapped class as a {@link Class}, or <jk>null</jk> if it's not a class (e.g. it's a {@link ParameterizedType}).
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public <T> Class<T> inner() {
      return (Class<T>)c;
   }

   /**
    * Unwrap this class if it's a parameterized type of the specified type such as {@link Value} or {@link Optional}.
    *
    * @param wrapperTypes The parameterized types to unwrap if this class is one of those types.
    * @return The class info on the unwrapped type, or just this type if this isn't one of the specified types.
    */
   public ClassInfo unwrap(Class<?>...wrapperTypes) {
      for (Class<?> wt : wrapperTypes) {
         if (isParameterizedTypeOf(wt)) {
            Type t = getFirstParameterType(wt);
            if (t != null)
               return of(t).unwrap(wrapperTypes); // Recursively do it again.
         }
      }
      return this;
   }

   private boolean isParameterizedTypeOf(Class<?> c) {
      return
         (t instanceof ParameterizedType && ((ParameterizedType)t).getRawType() == c)
         || (t instanceof Class && c.isAssignableFrom((Class<?>)t));
   }

   private Type getFirstParameterType(Class<?> parameterizedType) {
      if (t instanceof ParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)t;
         Type[] ta = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
         if (ta.length > 0)
            return ta[0];
      } else if (t instanceof Class) /* Class that extends Optional<T> */ {
         Class<?> c = (Class<?>)t;
         if (c != parameterizedType && parameterizedType.isAssignableFrom(c))
            return ClassInfo.of(c).getParameterType(0, parameterizedType);
      }
      return null;
   }

   MethodInfo getMethodInfo(Method x) {
      MethodInfo i = methods.get(x);
      if (i == null) {
         i = new MethodInfo(this, x);
         methods.put(x, i);
      }
      return i;
   }

   FieldInfo getFieldInfo(Field x) {
      FieldInfo i = fields.get(x);
      if (i == null) {
         i = new FieldInfo(this, x);
         fields.put(x, i);
      }
      return i;
   }

   ConstructorInfo getConstructorInfo(Constructor<?> x) {
      ConstructorInfo i = constructors.get(x);
      if (i == null) {
         i = new ConstructorInfo(this, x);
         constructors.put(x, i);
      }
      return i;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Parent classes and interfaces.
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns the parent class.
    *
    * @return
    *    The parent class, or <jk>null</jk> if the class has no parent.
    */
   public ClassInfo getSuperclass() {
      return c == null ? null : of(c.getSuperclass());
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list of interfaces declared on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Does not include interfaces declared on parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are in the same order as Class.getInterfaces().
    *
    * @return
    *    An unmodifiable list of interfaces declared on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in the same order as {@link Class#getInterfaces()}.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getDeclaredInterfaces() {
      return ulist(_getDeclaredInterfaces());
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @return
    *    An unmodifiable list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *    <br>Results are in child-to-parent order.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getInterfaces() {
      return ulist(_getInterfaces());
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    * Does not include interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are in child-to-parent order.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getParents() {
      return ulist(_getParents());
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes and interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are classes-before-interfaces, then child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered child-to-parent order with classes listed before interfaces.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getAllParents() {
      return ulist(_getAllParents());
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching parent class or interface.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are classes-before-interfaces, then child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The parent class or interface that matches the specified predicate.
    */
   public ClassInfo getAnyParent(Predicate<ClassInfo> filter) {
      for (ClassInfo ci : _getAllParents())
         if (test(filter, ci))
            return ci;
      return null;
   }

   /** Results are in child-to-parent order. */
   ClassInfo[] _getInterfaces() {
      if (interfaces == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Set<ClassInfo> s = set();
            for (ClassInfo ci : _getParents())
               for (ClassInfo ci2 : ci._getDeclaredInterfaces()) {
                  s.add(ci2);
                  for (ClassInfo ci3 : ci2._getInterfaces())
                     s.add(ci3);
               }
            interfaces = s.toArray(new ClassInfo[s.size()]);
         }
      }
      return interfaces;
   }

   /** Results are in the same order as Class.getInterfaces(). */
   ClassInfo[] _getDeclaredInterfaces() {
      if (declaredInterfaces == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Class<?>[] ii = c == null ? new Class[0] : c.getInterfaces();
            ClassInfo[] l = new ClassInfo[ii.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < ii.length; i++)
               l[i] = of(ii[i]);
            declaredInterfaces = l;
         }
      }
      return declaredInterfaces;
   }

   /** Results are in child-to-parent order. */
   ClassInfo[] _getParents() {
      if (parents == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            List<ClassInfo> l = list();
            Class<?> pc = c;
            while (pc != null && pc != Object.class) {
               l.add(of(pc));
               pc = pc.getSuperclass();
            }
            parents = l.toArray(new ClassInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return parents;
   }

   /** Results are classes-before-interfaces, then child-to-parent order. */
   ClassInfo[] _getAllParents() {
      if (allParents == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            ClassInfo[] a1 = _getParents(), a2 = _getInterfaces();
            ClassInfo[] l = new ClassInfo[a1.length + a2.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++)
               l[i] = a1[i];
            for (int i = 0; i < a2.length; i++)
               l[i+a1.length] = a2[i];
            allParents = l;
         }
      }
      return allParents;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Methods
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all public methods on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Methods defined on the {@link Object} class are excluded from the results.
    *
    * @return
    *    All public methods on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered alphabetically.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getPublicMethods() {
      return ulist(_getPublicMethods());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching public methods on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachPublicMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter, Consumer<MethodInfo> action) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getPublicMethods())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching public method on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The first matching method, or <jk>null</jk> if no methods matched.
    */
   public final MethodInfo getPublicMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getPublicMethods())
         if (test(filter, mi))
            return mi;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all methods declared on this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All methods declared on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered alphabetically.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getDeclaredMethods() {
      return ulist(_getDeclaredMethods());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching declared methods on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachDeclaredMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter, Consumer<MethodInfo> action) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getDeclaredMethods())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching declared method on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The first matching method, or <jk>null</jk> if no methods matched.
    */
   public MethodInfo getDeclaredMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getDeclaredMethods())
         if (test(filter, mi))
            return mi;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered child-to-parent, and then alphabetically per class.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getMethods() {
      return ulist(_getAllMethods());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching methods on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter, Consumer<MethodInfo> action) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getAllMethods())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching method on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The first matching method, or <jk>null</jk> if no methods matched.
    */
   public MethodInfo getMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getAllMethods())
         if (test(filter, mi))
            return mi;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered parent-to-child, and then alphabetically per class.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getAllMethodsParentFirst() {
      return ulist(_getAllMethodsParentFirst());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachAllMethodParentFirst(Predicate<MethodInfo> filter, Consumer<MethodInfo> action) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getAllMethodsParentFirst())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   MethodInfo[] _getPublicMethods() {
      if (publicMethods == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Method[] mm = c == null ? new Method[0] : c.getMethods();
            List<MethodInfo> l = list(mm.length);
            for (Method m : mm)
               if (m.getDeclaringClass() != Object.class)
                  l.add(getMethodInfo(m));
            l.sort(null);
            publicMethods = l.toArray(new MethodInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return publicMethods;
   }

   MethodInfo[] _getDeclaredMethods() {
      if (declaredMethods == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Method[] mm = c == null ? new Method[0] : c.getDeclaredMethods();
            List<MethodInfo> l = list(mm.length);
            for (Method m : mm)
               if (! "$jacocoInit".equals(m.getName())) // Jacoco adds its own simulated methods.
                  l.add(getMethodInfo(m));
            l.sort(null);
            declaredMethods = l.toArray(new MethodInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return declaredMethods;
   }

   MethodInfo[] _getAllMethods() {
      if (allMethods == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            List<MethodInfo> l = list();
            for (ClassInfo c : _getAllParents())
               c._appendDeclaredMethods(l);
            allMethods = l.toArray(new MethodInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return allMethods;
   }

   MethodInfo[] _getAllMethodsParentFirst() {
      if (allMethodsParentFirst == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            List<MethodInfo> l = list();
            ClassInfo[] parents = _getAllParents();
            for (int i = parents.length-1; i >=0; i--)
               parents[i]._appendDeclaredMethods(l);
            allMethodsParentFirst = l.toArray(new MethodInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return allMethodsParentFirst;
   }

   private synchronized List<MethodInfo> _appendDeclaredMethods(List<MethodInfo> l) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : _getDeclaredMethods())
         l.add(mi);
      return l;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Constructors
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all the public constructors defined on this class.
    *
    * @return All public constructors defined on this class.
    */
   public List<ConstructorInfo> getPublicConstructors() {
      return ulist(_getPublicConstructors());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching public constructors on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachPublicConstructor(Predicate<ConstructorInfo> filter, Consumer<ConstructorInfo> action) {
      for (ConstructorInfo mi : _getPublicConstructors())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching public constructor on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The public constructor that matches the specified predicate.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getPublicConstructor(Predicate<ConstructorInfo> filter) {
      for (ConstructorInfo ci : _getPublicConstructors())
         if (test(filter, ci))
            return ci;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all the constructors defined on this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All constructors defined on this class.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<ConstructorInfo> getDeclaredConstructors() {
      return ulist(_getDeclaredConstructors());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching declared constructors on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachDeclaredConstructor(Predicate<ConstructorInfo> filter, Consumer<ConstructorInfo> action) {
      for (ConstructorInfo mi : _getDeclaredConstructors())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching declared constructor on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The declared constructor that matches the specified predicate.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getDeclaredConstructor(Predicate<ConstructorInfo> filter) {
      for (ConstructorInfo ci : _getDeclaredConstructors())
         if (test(filter, ci))
            return ci;
      return null;
   }

   ConstructorInfo[] _getPublicConstructors() {
      if (publicConstructors == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Constructor<?>[] cc = c == null ? new Constructor[0] : c.getConstructors();
            List<ConstructorInfo> l = list(cc.length);
            for (Constructor<?> ccc : cc)
               l.add(getConstructorInfo(ccc));
            l.sort(null);
            publicConstructors = l.toArray(new ConstructorInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return publicConstructors;
   }

   ConstructorInfo[] _getDeclaredConstructors() {
      if (declaredConstructors == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Constructor<?>[] cc = c == null ? new Constructor[0] : c.getDeclaredConstructors();
            List<ConstructorInfo> l = list(cc.length);
            for (Constructor<?> ccc : cc)
               l.add(getConstructorInfo(ccc));
            l.sort(null);
            declaredConstructors = l.toArray(new ConstructorInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return declaredConstructors;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Special constructors
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Locates the no-arg constructor for this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Constructor must match the visibility requirements specified by parameter 'v'.
    * If class is abstract, always returns <jk>null</jk>.
    * Note that this also returns the 1-arg constructor for non-static member classes.
    *
    * @param v The minimum visibility.
    * @return The constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if no no-arg constructor exists with the required visibility.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getNoArgConstructor(Visibility v) {
      if (isAbstract())
         return null;
      boolean isMemberClass = isNonStaticMemberClass();
      for (ConstructorInfo cc : _getDeclaredConstructors())
         if (cc.hasNumParams(isMemberClass ? 1 : 0) && cc.isVisible(v))
            return cc.accessible(v);
      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Fields
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all public fields on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Hidden fields are excluded from the results.
    *
    * @return
    *    All public fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in alphabetical order.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getPublicFields() {
      return ulist(_getPublicFields());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching public fields on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public final ClassInfo forEachPublicField(Predicate<FieldInfo> filter, Consumer<FieldInfo> action) {
      for (FieldInfo mi : _getPublicFields())
         consume(filter, action, mi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching public field on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The public field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public FieldInfo getPublicField(Predicate<FieldInfo> filter) {
      for (FieldInfo f : _getPublicFields())
         if (test(filter, f))
            return f;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared fields on this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in alphabetical order.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getDeclaredFields() {
      return ulist(_getDeclaredFields());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching declared fields on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public ClassInfo forEachDeclaredField(Predicate<FieldInfo> filter, Consumer<FieldInfo> action) {
      for (FieldInfo fi : _getDeclaredFields())
         consume(filter, action, fi);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching declared field on this class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return The declared field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public FieldInfo getDeclaredField(Predicate<FieldInfo> filter) {
      for (FieldInfo f : _getDeclaredFields())
         if (test(filter, f))
            return f;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all fields on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    *    Results are ordered parent-to-child, and then alphabetical per class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared fields on this class.
    *    <br>List is unmodifiable.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getAllFields() {
      return ulist(_getAllFields());
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching fields on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    *    Results are ordered parent-to-child, and then alphabetical per class.
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public ClassInfo forEachAllField(Predicate<FieldInfo> filter, Consumer<FieldInfo> action) {
      for (FieldInfo fi : _getAllFields())
         consume(filter, action, fi);
      return this;
   }

   FieldInfo[] _getPublicFields() {
      if (publicFields == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Map<String,FieldInfo> m = map();
            for (ClassInfo c : _getParents()) {
               for (FieldInfo f : c._getDeclaredFields()) {
                  String fn = f.getName();
                  if (f.isPublic() && ! (m.containsKey(fn) || "$jacocoData".equals(fn)))
                     m.put(f.getName(), f);
               }
            }
            List<FieldInfo> l = listFrom(m.values());
            l.sort(null);
            publicFields = l.toArray(new FieldInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return publicFields;
   }

   FieldInfo[] _getDeclaredFields() {
      if (declaredFields == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            Field[] ff = c == null ? new Field[0] : c.getDeclaredFields();
            List<FieldInfo> l = list(ff.length);
            for (Field f : ff)
               if (! "$jacocoData".equals(f.getName()))
                  l.add(getFieldInfo(f));
            l.sort(null);
            declaredFields = l.toArray(new FieldInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return declaredFields;
   }

   FieldInfo[] _getAllFields() {
      if (allFields == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            List<FieldInfo> l = list();
            ClassInfo[] parents = _getAllParents();
            for (int i = parents.length-1; i >=0; i--)
               for (FieldInfo f : parents[i]._getDeclaredFields())
                  l.add(f);
            allFields = l.toArray(new FieldInfo[l.size()]);
         }
      }
      return allFields;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Annotations
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all annotations of the specified type defined on the specified class or parent classes/interfaces in parent-to-child order.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation type to look for.
    * @return The matching annotations.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> List<A> getAnnotations(Class<A> type) {
      return getAnnotations(null, type);
   }

   /**
    * Returns all annotations of the specified type defined on this or parent classes/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Returns the list in reverse (parent-to-child) order.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation type to look for.
    * @return The matching annotations.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> List<A> getAnnotations(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type) {
      List<A> l = list();
      forEachAnnotation(annotationProvider, type, x-> true, x -> l.add(x));
      return l;
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching annotations on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> ClassInfo forEachAnnotation(Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter, Consumer<A> action) {
      return forEachAnnotation(null, type, filter, action);
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching annotations on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> ClassInfo forEachAnnotation(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter, Consumer<A> action) {
      if (annotationProvider == null)
         annotationProvider = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      A t2 = getPackageAnnotation(type);
      if (t2 != null)
         consume(filter, action, t2);
      ClassInfo[] interfaces = _getInterfaces();
      for (int i = interfaces.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
         annotationProvider.forEachDeclaredAnnotation(type, interfaces[i].inner(), filter, action);
      ClassInfo[] parents = _getParents();
      for (int i = parents.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
         annotationProvider.forEachDeclaredAnnotation(type, parents[i].inner(), filter, action);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching annotation on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are searched in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if annotation should be returned.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A firstAnnotation(Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter) {
      return firstAnnotation(null, type, filter);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching annotation on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are searched in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if annotation should be returned.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A firstAnnotation(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter) {
      if (annotationProvider == null)
         annotationProvider = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      A x = null;
      x = getPackageAnnotation(type);
      if (x != null && test(filter, x))
         return x;
      ClassInfo[] interfaces = _getInterfaces();
      for (int i = interfaces.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
         x = annotationProvider.firstAnnotation(type, interfaces[i].inner(), filter);
         if (x != null)
            return x;
      }
      ClassInfo[] parents = _getParents();
      for (int i = parents.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
         x = annotationProvider.firstAnnotation(type, parents[i].inner(), filter);
         if (x != null)
            return x;
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the last matching annotation on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are searched in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if annotation should be returned.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A lastAnnotation(Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter) {
      return lastAnnotation(null, type, filter);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the last matching annotation on this class and superclasses/interfaces.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are searched in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if annotation should be returned.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A lastAnnotation(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter) {
      if (annotationProvider == null)
         annotationProvider = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      A x = null;
      ClassInfo[] parents = _getParents();
      for (int i = 0; i < parents.length; i++) {
         x = annotationProvider.lastAnnotation(type, parents[i].inner(), filter);
         if (x != null)
            return x;
      }
      ClassInfo[] interfaces = _getInterfaces();
      for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
         x = annotationProvider.lastAnnotation(type, interfaces[i].inner(), filter);
         if (x != null)
            return x;
      }
      x = getPackageAnnotation(type);
      if (x != null && test(filter, x))
         return x;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Finds the annotation of the specified type defined on this class or parent class/interface.
    *
    * <p>
    * If the annotation cannot be found on the immediate class, searches methods with the same
    * signature on the parent classes or interfaces.
    * <br>The search is performed in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @return The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> type) {
      return getAnnotation(null, type);
   }

   /**
    * Finds the annotation of the specified type defined on this class or parent class/interface.
    *
    * <p>
    * If the annotation cannot be found on the immediate class, searches methods with the same signature on the parent classes or interfaces. <br>
    * The search is performed in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @return The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type) {
      return findAnnotation(annotationProvider, type);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has the specified annotation.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @return The <jk>true</jk> if annotation if found.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> boolean hasAnnotation(Class<A> type) {
      return hasAnnotation(null, type);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class doesn't have the specified annotation.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @return The <jk>true</jk> if annotation if not found.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> boolean hasNoAnnotation(Class<A> type) {
      return ! hasAnnotation(type);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has the specified annotation.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param annotationProvider The annotation provider.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @return The <jk>true</jk> if annotation if found.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> boolean hasAnnotation(AnnotationProvider annotationProvider, Class<A> type) {
      if (annotationProvider == null)
         annotationProvider = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      return annotationProvider.firstAnnotation(type, c, x -> true) != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the specified annotation only if it's been declared on the package of this class.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation class.
    * @return The annotation, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A getPackageAnnotation(Class<A> type) {
      Package p = c == null ? null : c.getPackage();
      return (p == null ? null : p.getAnnotation(type));
   }

   /**
    * Returns the first matching annotation of the specified type defined on the specified class or parent classes/interfaces in parent-to-child order.
    *
    * @param <A> The annotation type to look for.
    * @param type The annotation to look for.
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> type, Predicate<A> filter) {
      return getAnnotation(null, type, filter);
   }

   /**
    * Constructs an {@link AnnotationList} of all annotations found on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @return A new {@link AnnotationList} object on every call.
    */
   public AnnotationList getAnnotationList() {
      return getAnnotationList(x -> true);
   }

   /**
    * Constructs an {@link AnnotationList} of all matching annotations on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if value should be used.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @return A new {@link AnnotationList} object on every call.
    */
   public AnnotationList getAnnotationList(Predicate<AnnotationInfo<?>> filter) {
      AnnotationList l = new AnnotationList();
      forEachAnnotationInfo(filter, x -> l.add(x));
      return l;
   }

   /*
    * If the annotation is an array of other annotations, returns the inner annotations.
    *
    * @param a The annotation to split if repeated.
    * @return The nested annotations, or a singleton array of the same annotation if it's not repeated.
    */
   private static Annotation[] splitRepeated(Annotation a) {
      try {
         ClassInfo ci = ClassInfo.of(a.annotationType());
         MethodInfo mi = ci.getRepeatedAnnotationMethod();
         if (mi != null)
            return mi.invoke(a);
      } catch (Exception e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
      return new Annotation[]{a};
   }

   private <A extends Annotation> A findAnnotation(AnnotationProvider ap, Class<A> a) {
      if (a == null)
         return null;
      if (ap == null)
         ap = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      A t = ap.firstDeclaredAnnotation(a, c, x -> true);
      if (t != null)
         return t;
      ClassInfo sci = getSuperclass();
      if (sci != null) {
         t = sci.getAnnotation(ap, a);
         if (t != null)
            return t;
      }
      for (ClassInfo c2 : _getInterfaces()) {
         t = c2.getAnnotation(ap, a);
         if (t != null)
            return t;
      }
      return null;
   }

   private <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(AnnotationProvider ap, Class<A> a, Predicate<A> filter) {
      if (ap == null)
         ap = AnnotationProvider.DEFAULT;
      A t2 = getPackageAnnotation(a);
      if (t2 != null && filter.test(t2))
         return t2;
      ClassInfo[] interfaces = _getInterfaces();
      for (int i = interfaces.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
         A o = ap.firstDeclaredAnnotation(a, interfaces[i].inner(), filter);
         if (o != null)
            return o;
      }
      ClassInfo[] parents = _getParents();
      for (int i = parents.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
         A o = ap.firstDeclaredAnnotation(a, parents[i].inner(), filter);
         if (o != null)
            return o;
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on all matching annotations on this class/parents/package.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are consumed in the following order:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param filter A predicate to apply to the entries to determine if action should be performed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on the entry.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public ClassInfo forEachAnnotationInfo(Predicate<AnnotationInfo<?>> filter, Consumer<AnnotationInfo<?>> action) {
      Package p = c.getPackage();
      if (p != null)
         for (Annotation a : p.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            for (Annotation a2 : splitRepeated(a))
               AnnotationInfo.of(p, a2).accept(filter, action);
      ClassInfo[] interfaces = _getInterfaces();
      for (int i = interfaces.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
         for (Annotation a : interfaces[i].c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            for (Annotation a2 : splitRepeated(a))
               AnnotationInfo.of(interfaces[i], a2).accept(filter, action);
      ClassInfo[] parents = _getParents();
      for (int i = parents.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
         for (Annotation a : parents[i].c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            for (Annotation a2 : splitRepeated(a))
               AnnotationInfo.of(parents[i], a2).accept(filter, action);
      return this;
   }

   Annotation[] _getDeclaredAnnotations() {
      if (declaredAnnotations == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            declaredAnnotations = c.getDeclaredAnnotations();
         }
      }
      return declaredAnnotations;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Characteristics
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    *
    * @param flags The flags to test for.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    */
   public boolean isAll(ReflectFlags...flags) {
      for (ReflectFlags f : flags) {
         switch (f) {
            case DEPRECATED:
               if (isNotDeprecated())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_DEPRECATED:
               if (isDeprecated())
                  return false;
               break;
            case PUBLIC:
               if (isNotPublic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_PUBLIC:
               if (isPublic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case STATIC:
               if (isNotStatic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_STATIC:
               if (isStatic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case MEMBER:
               if (isNotMemberClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_MEMBER:
               if (isMemberClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case ABSTRACT:
               if (isNotAbstract())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_ABSTRACT:
               if (isAbstract())
                  return false;
               break;
            case INTERFACE:
               if (isClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case CLASS:
               if (isInterface())
                  return false;
               break;
            default:
               throw new BasicRuntimeException("Invalid flag for class: {0}", f);

         }
      }
      return true;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    *
    * @param flags The flags to test for.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    */
   public boolean isAny(ReflectFlags...flags) {
      for (ReflectFlags f : flags) {
         switch (f) {
            case DEPRECATED:
               if (isDeprecated())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_DEPRECATED:
               if (isNotDeprecated())
                  return true;
               break;
            case PUBLIC:
               if (isPublic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_PUBLIC:
               if (isNotPublic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case STATIC:
               if (isStatic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_STATIC:
               if (isNotStatic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case MEMBER:
               if (isMemberClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_MEMBER:
               if (isNotMemberClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            case ABSTRACT:
               if (isAbstract())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_ABSTRACT:
               if (isNotAbstract())
                  return true;
               break;
            case INTERFACE:
               if (isInterface())
                  return true;
               break;
            case CLASS:
               if (isClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            default:
               throw new BasicRuntimeException("Invalid flag for class: {0}", f);
         }
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class has the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    */
   public boolean isDeprecated() {
      return c != null && c.isAnnotationPresent(Deprecated.class);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class doesn't have the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class doesn't have the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    */
   public boolean isNotDeprecated() {
      return c == null || ! c.isAnnotationPresent(Deprecated.class);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    */
   public boolean isPublic() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not public.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not public.
    */
   public boolean isNotPublic() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as static, and the static keyword on a member interface is meaningless.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    */
   public boolean isStatic() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isStatic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not static.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as static, and the static keyword on a member interface is meaningless.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not static.
    */
   public boolean isNotStatic() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isStatic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as abstract.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    */
   public boolean isAbstract() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not abstract.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as abstract.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not abstract.
    */
   public boolean isNotAbstract() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    */
   public boolean isMemberClass() {
      return c != null && c.isMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    */
   public boolean isNotMemberClass() {
      return c == null || ! c.isMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    */
   public boolean isNonStaticMemberClass() {
      return c != null && c.isMemberClass() && ! isStatic();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>false</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    *
    * @return <jk>false</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    */
   public boolean isNotNonStaticMemberClass() {
      return ! isNonStaticMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    */
   public boolean isLocalClass() {
      return c != null && c.isLocalClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    */
   public boolean isNotLocalClass() {
      return c == null || ! c.isLocalClass();
   }

   /**
    * Identifies if the specified visibility matches this constructor.
    *
    * @param v The visibility to validate against.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this visibility matches the modifier attribute of this constructor.
    */
   public boolean isVisible(Visibility v) {
      return c != null && v.isVisible(c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this is a primitive class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this is a primitive class.
    */
   public boolean isPrimitive() {
      return c != null && c.isPrimitive();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    */
   public boolean isNotPrimitive() {
      return c == null || ! c.isPrimitive();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an interface.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an interface.
    */
   public boolean isInterface() {
      return c != null && c.isInterface();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not an interface.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not an interface.
    */
   public boolean isClass() {
      return c != null && ! c.isInterface();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link RuntimeException}.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link RuntimeException}.
    */
   public boolean isRuntimeException() {
      return isChildOf(RuntimeException.class);
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Primitive wrappers
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the {@link #getPrimitiveWrapper()} method returns a value.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the {@link #getPrimitiveWrapper()} method returns a value.
    */
   public boolean hasPrimitiveWrapper() {
      return pmap1.containsKey(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive (e.g. <code><jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's wrapper class
    * (e.g. <code>Integer.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The wrapper class, or <jk>null</jk> if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public Class<?> getPrimitiveWrapper() {
      return pmap1.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive wrapper (e.g. <code><jk>Integer</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's
    * primitive class (e.g. <code>int.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The primitive class, or <jk>null</jk> if class is not a primitive wrapper.
    */
   public Class<?> getPrimitiveForWrapper() {
      return pmap2.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive (e.g. <code><jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's wrapper class
    * (e.g. <code>Integer.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The wrapper class if it's primitive, or the same class if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public Class<?> getWrapperIfPrimitive() {
      if (c != null && ! c.isPrimitive())
         return c;
      return pmap1.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getWrapperIfPrimitive()} but wraps it in a {@link ClassInfo}.
    *
    * @return The wrapper class if it's primitive, or the same class if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public ClassInfo getWrapperInfoIfPrimitive() {
      if (c == null || ! c.isPrimitive())
         return this;
      return of(pmap1.get(c));
   }

   /**
    * Returns the default value for this primitive class.
    *
    * @return The default value, or <jk>null</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    */
   public Object getPrimitiveDefault() {
      return primitiveDefaultMap.get(c);
   }

   private static final Map<Class<?>, Class<?>>
      pmap1 = new HashMap<>(),
      pmap2 = new HashMap<>();
   static {
      pmap1.put(boolean.class, Boolean.class);
      pmap1.put(byte.class, Byte.class);
      pmap1.put(short.class, Short.class);
      pmap1.put(char.class, Character.class);
      pmap1.put(int.class, Integer.class);
      pmap1.put(long.class, Long.class);
      pmap1.put(float.class, Float.class);
      pmap1.put(double.class, Double.class);
      pmap2.put(Boolean.class, boolean.class);
      pmap2.put(Byte.class, byte.class);
      pmap2.put(Short.class, short.class);
      pmap2.put(Character.class, char.class);
      pmap2.put(Integer.class, int.class);
      pmap2.put(Long.class, long.class);
      pmap2.put(Float.class, float.class);
      pmap2.put(Double.class, double.class);
   }

   @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
   private static final Map<Class,Object> primitiveDefaultMap =
      mapBuilder(Class.class,Object.class).unmodifiable()
         .add(Boolean.TYPE, false)
         .add(Character.TYPE, (char)0)
         .add(Short.TYPE, (short)0)
         .add(Integer.TYPE, 0)
         .add(Long.TYPE, 0l)
         .add(Float.TYPE, 0f)
         .add(Double.TYPE, 0d)
         .add(Byte.TYPE, (byte)0)
         .add(Boolean.class, false)
         .add(Character.class, (char)0)
         .add(Short.class, (short)0)
         .add(Integer.class, 0)
         .add(Long.class, 0l)
         .add(Float.class, 0f)
         .add(Double.class, 0d)
         .add(Byte.class, (byte)0)
         .build();

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Labels
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns the full name of this class.
    *
    * <h5 class='section'>Examples:</h5>
    * <ul>
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass"</js> - Normal class
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass[][]"</js> - Array.
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass$InnerClass"</js> - Inner class.
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass$InnerClass[][]"</js> - Inner class array.
    *    <li><js>"int"</js> - Primitive class.
    *    <li><js>"int[][]"</js> - Primitive class class.
    *    <li><js>"java.util.Map&lt;java.lang.String,java.lang.Object&gt;"</js> - Parameterized type.
    *    <li><js>"java.util.AbstractMap&lt;K,V&gt;"</js> - Parameterized generic type.
    *    <li><js>"V"</js> - Parameterized generic type argument.
    * </ul>
    *
    * @return The underlying class name.
    */
   public String getFullName() {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! isParameterizedType)
         return ct.getName();
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(128);
      appendFullName(sb);
      return sb.toString();
   }

   /**
    * Returns all possible names for this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    An array consisting of:
    *    <ul>
    *       <li>{@link #getFullName()}
    *       <li>{@link Class#getName()} - Note that this might be a dup.
    *       <li>{@link #getShortName()}
    *       <li>{@link #getSimpleName()}
    *    </ul>
    */
   public String[] getNames() {
      return new String[]{ getFullName(), c.getName(), getShortName(), getSimpleName() };
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getFullName()} but appends to an existing string builder.
    *
    * @param sb The string builder to append to.
    * @return The same string builder.
    */
   public StringBuilder appendFullName(StringBuilder sb) {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! isParameterizedType)
         return sb.append(ct.getName());
      sb.append(ct != null ? ct.getName() : t.getTypeName());
      if (isParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)t;
         sb.append('<');
         boolean first = true;
         for (Type t2 : pt.getActualTypeArguments()) {
            if (! first)
               sb.append(',');
            first = false;
            of(t2).appendFullName(sb);
         }
         sb.append('>');
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
         sb.append('[').append(']');
      return sb;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the short name of the underlying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Similar to {@link #getSimpleName()} but also renders local or member class name prefixes.
    *
    * @return The short name of the underlying class.
    */
   public String getShortName() {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! (isParameterizedType || isMemberClass() || c.isLocalClass()))
         return ct.getSimpleName();
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(32);
      appendShortName(sb);
      return sb.toString();
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getShortName()} but appends to an existing string builder.
    *
    * @param sb The string builder to append to.
    * @return The same string builder.
    */
   public StringBuilder appendShortName(StringBuilder sb) {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null) {
         if (ct.isLocalClass())
            sb.append(of(ct.getEnclosingClass()).getSimpleName()).append('$').append(ct.getSimpleName());
         else if (ct.isMemberClass())
            sb.append(of(ct.getDeclaringClass()).getSimpleName()).append('$').append(ct.getSimpleName());
         else
            sb.append(ct.getSimpleName());
      } else {
         sb.append(t.getTypeName());
      }
      if (isParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)t;
         sb.append('<');
         boolean first = true;
         for (Type t2 : pt.getActualTypeArguments()) {
            if (! first)
               sb.append(',');
            first = false;
            of(t2).appendShortName(sb);
         }
         sb.append('>');
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
         sb.append('[').append(']');
      return sb;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the simple name of the underlying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Returns either {@link Class#getSimpleName()} or {@link Type#getTypeName()} depending on whether
    * this is a class or type.
    *
    * @return The simple name of the underlying class;
    */
   public String getSimpleName() {
      return c != null ? c.getSimpleName() : t.getTypeName();
   }

   /**
    * Returns the name of the underlying class.
    *
    * @return The name of the underlying class.
    */
   public String getName() {
      return c != null ? c.getName() : t.getTypeName();
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getSimpleName()} but uses <js>"Array"</js> instead of <js>"[]"</js>.
    *
    * @return The readable name for this class.
    */
   public String getReadableName() {
      if (c == null)
         return t.getTypeName();
      if (! c.isArray())
         return c.getSimpleName();
      Class<?> c = this.c;
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      while (c.isArray()) {
         sb.append("Array");
         c = c.getComponentType();
      }
      return c.getSimpleName() + sb;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Hierarchy
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOf(Class<?> child) {
      return c != null && child != null && c.isAssignableFrom(child);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * <p>
    * Primitive classes are converted to wrapper classes and compared.
    *
    * <h5 class='section'>Examples:</h5>
    * <p class='bjava'>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(String.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(String.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// true</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(CharSequence.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(String.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// true</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(String.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(CharSequence.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// false</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(<jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(Integer.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// true</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(Integer.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(<jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// true</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(Number.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(<jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// true</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(<jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(Number.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// false</jc>
    *       ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(<jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk>).isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(<jk>long</jk>.<jk>class</jk>);  <jc>// false</jc>
    * </p>
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(Class<?> child) {
      if (c == null || child == null)
         return false;
      if (c.isAssignableFrom(child))
         return true;
      if (this.isPrimitive() || child.isPrimitive()) {
         return this.getWrapperIfPrimitive().isAssignableFrom(of(child).getWrapperIfPrimitive());
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this type can be used as a parameter for the specified object.
    *
    * @param child The argument to check.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this type can be used as a parameter for the specified object.
    */
   public boolean canAcceptArg(Object child) {
      if (c == null || child == null)
         return false;
      if (c.isInstance(child))
         return true;
      if (this.isPrimitive() || child.getClass().isPrimitive()) {
         return this.getWrapperIfPrimitive().isAssignableFrom(of(child).getWrapperIfPrimitive());
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(Class)} but takes in a {@link ClassInfo}.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(ClassInfo child) {
      if (c == null || child == null)
         return false;
      if (c.isAssignableFrom(child.inner()))
         return true;
      if (this.isPrimitive() || child.isPrimitive()) {
         return this.getWrapperIfPrimitive().isAssignableFrom(child.getWrapperIfPrimitive());
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOf(Type child) {
      if (child instanceof Class)
         return isParentOf((Class<?>)child);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives(Type child) {
      if (child instanceof Class)
         return isParentOfFuzzyPrimitives((Class<?>)child);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child of <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent of <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isStrictChildOf(Class<?> parent) {
      return c != null && parent != null && parent.isAssignableFrom(c) && ! c.equals(parent);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(Class<?> parent) {
      return c != null && parent != null && parent.isAssignableFrom(c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as any of the <c>parents</c>.
    *
    * @param parents The parents class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as any of the <c>parents</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOfAny(Class<?>...parents) {
      for (Class<?> p : parents)
         if (isChildOf(p))
            return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(Type parent) {
      if (parent instanceof Class)
         return isChildOf((Class<?>)parent);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(ClassInfo parent) {
      return isChildOf(parent.inner());
   }

   /**
    * Checks for equality with the specified class.
    *
    * @param c The class to check equality with.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class is the same as this one.
    */
   public boolean is(Class<?> c) {
      return this.c != null && this.c.equals(c);
   }

   /**
    * Checks for equality with the specified class.
    *
    * @param c The class to check equality with.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class is the same as this one.
    */
   public boolean is(ClassInfo c) {
      if (this.c != null)
         return this.c.equals(c.inner());
      return t.equals(c.t);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the specified value is an instance of this class.
    *
    * @param value The value to check.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified value is an instance of this class.
    */
   public boolean isInstance(Object value) {
      if (this.c != null)
         return c.isInstance(value);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is any of the specified types.
    *
    * @param types The types to check against.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is any of the specified types.
    */
   public boolean isAny(Class<?>...types) {
      for (Class<?> cc : types)
         if (is(cc))
            return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this field.
    *
    * @param flags The flags to test for.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this field.
    */
   public boolean is(ReflectFlags...flags) {
      return isAll(flags);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the package of this class.
    *
    * @return The package of this class.
    */
   public Package getPackage() {
      return c == null ? null : c.getPackage();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not in the root package.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not in the root package.
    */
   public boolean hasPackage() {
      return getPackage() != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the number of dimensions if this is an array type.
    *
    * @return The number of dimensions if this is an array type, or <c>0</c> if it is not.
    */
   public int getDimensions() {
      if (dim == -1) {
         int d = 0;
         Class<?> ct = c;
         while (ct != null && ct.isArray()) {
            d++;
            ct = ct.getComponentType();
         }
         this.dim = d;
         this.componentType = ct == c ? this : of(ct);
      }
      return dim;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the base component type of this class if it's an array.
    *
    * @return The base component type of this class if it's an array, or this object if it's not.
    */
   public ClassInfo getComponentType() {
      if (componentType == null) {
         if (c == null)
            componentType = this;
         else
            getDimensions();
      }
      return componentType;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an enum.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an enum.
    */
   public boolean isEnum() {
      return c != null && c.isEnum();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this is a repeated annotation class.
    *
    * <p>
    * A repeated annotation has a single <code>value()</code> method that returns an array
    * of annotations who themselves are marked with the {@link Repeatable @Repeatable} annotation
    * of this class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this is a repeated annotation class.
    */
   public boolean isRepeatedAnnotation() {
      if (isRepeatedAnnotation == null) {
         synchronized(this) {
            boolean b = false;
            repeatedAnnotationMethod = getPublicMethod(x -> x.hasName("value"));
            if (repeatedAnnotationMethod != null) {
               ClassInfo rt = repeatedAnnotationMethod.getReturnType();
               if (rt.isArray()) {
                  ClassInfo rct = rt.getComponentType();
                  if (rct.hasAnnotation(Repeatable.class)) {
                     Repeatable r = rct.getAnnotation(Repeatable.class);
                     b = r.value().equals(c);
                  }
               }
            }
            isRepeatedAnnotation = b;
         }
      }
      return isRepeatedAnnotation;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the repeated annotation method on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * The repeated annotation method is the <code>value()</code> method that returns an array
    * of annotations who themselves are marked with the {@link Repeatable @Repeatable} annotation
    * of this class.
    *
    * @return The repeated annotation method on this class, or <jk>null</jk> if it doesn't exist.
    */
   public MethodInfo getRepeatedAnnotationMethod() {
      if (isRepeatedAnnotation()) {
         if (repeatedAnnotationMethod == null) {
            synchronized(this) {
               repeatedAnnotationMethod = getPublicMethod(x -> x.hasName("value"));
            }
         }
         return repeatedAnnotationMethod;
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an array.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an array.
    */
   public boolean isArray() {
      return c != null && c.isArray();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an annotation.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an annotation.
    */
   public boolean isAnnotation() {
      return c != null && c.isAnnotation();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Collection} or an array.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Collection} or an array.
    */
   public boolean isCollectionOrArray() {
      return c != null && (Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(c) || c.isArray());
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Instantiation
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Shortcut for calling <c>Class.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()</c> on the underlying class.
    *
    * @return A new instance of the underlying class
    * @throws ExecutableException Exception occurred on invoked constructor/method/field.
    */
   public Object newInstance() throws ExecutableException {
      if (c == null)
         throw new ExecutableException("Type ''{0}'' cannot be instantiated", getFullName());
      try {
         return c.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
      } catch (InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
         throw new ExecutableException(e);
      }
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Parameter types
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Finds the real parameter type of this class.
    *
    * @param index The zero-based index of the parameter to resolve.
    * @param pt The parameterized type class containing the parameterized type to resolve (e.g. <c>HashMap</c>).
    * @return The resolved real class.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("null")
   public Class<?> getParameterType(int index, Class<?> pt) {
      assertArgNotNull("pt", pt);

      // We need to make up a mapping of type names.
      Map<Type,Type> typeMap = new HashMap<>();
      Class<?> cc = c;
      while (pt != cc.getSuperclass()) {
         extractTypes(typeMap, cc);
         cc = cc.getSuperclass();
         assertArg(cc != null, "Class ''{0}'' is not a subclass of parameterized type ''{1}''", c.getSimpleName(), pt.getSimpleName());
      }

      Type gsc = cc.getGenericSuperclass();

      assertArg(gsc instanceof ParameterizedType, "Class ''{0}'' is not a parameterized type", pt.getSimpleName());

      ParameterizedType cpt = (ParameterizedType)gsc;
      Type[] atArgs = cpt.getActualTypeArguments();
      assertArg(index < atArgs.length, "Invalid type index. index={0}, argsLength={1}", index, atArgs.length);
      Type actualType = cpt.getActualTypeArguments()[index];

      if (typeMap.containsKey(actualType))
         actualType = typeMap.get(actualType);

      if (actualType instanceof Class) {
         return (Class<?>)actualType;

      } else if (actualType instanceof GenericArrayType) {
         Type gct = ((GenericArrayType)actualType).getGenericComponentType();
         if (gct instanceof ParameterizedType)
            return Array.newInstance((Class<?>)((ParameterizedType)gct).getRawType(), 0).getClass();
      } else if (actualType instanceof TypeVariable) {
         TypeVariable<?> typeVariable = (TypeVariable<?>)actualType;
         List<Class<?>> nestedOuterTypes = new LinkedList<>();
         for (Class<?> ec = cc.getEnclosingClass(); ec != null; ec = ec.getEnclosingClass()) {
            Class<?> outerClass = cc.getClass();
            nestedOuterTypes.add(outerClass);
            Map<Type,Type> outerTypeMap = new HashMap<>();
            extractTypes(outerTypeMap, outerClass);
            for (Map.Entry<Type,Type> entry : outerTypeMap.entrySet()) {
               Type key = entry.getKey(), value = entry.getValue();
               if (key instanceof TypeVariable) {
                  TypeVariable<?> keyType = (TypeVariable<?>)key;
                  if (keyType.getName().equals(typeVariable.getName()) && isInnerClass(keyType.getGenericDeclaration(), typeVariable.getGenericDeclaration())) {
                     if (value instanceof Class)
                        return (Class<?>)value;
                     typeVariable = (TypeVariable<?>)entry.getValue();
                  }
               }
            }
         }
      } else if (actualType instanceof ParameterizedType) {
         return (Class<?>)((ParameterizedType)actualType).getRawType();
      }
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not resolve variable '"+actualType.getTypeName()+"' to a type.");
   }

   private static boolean isInnerClass(GenericDeclaration od, GenericDeclaration id) {
      if (od instanceof Class && id instanceof Class) {
         Class<?> oc = (Class<?>)od;
         Class<?> ic = (Class<?>)id;
         while ((ic = ic.getEnclosingClass()) != null)
            if (ic == oc)
               return true;
      }
      return false;
   }

   private static void extractTypes(Map<Type,Type> typeMap, Class<?> c) {
      Type gs = c.getGenericSuperclass();
      if (gs instanceof ParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)gs;
         Type[] typeParameters = ((Class<?>)pt.getRawType()).getTypeParameters();
         Type[] actualTypeArguments = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
         for (int i = 0; i < typeParameters.length; i++) {
            if (typeMap.containsKey(actualTypeArguments[i]))
               actualTypeArguments[i] = typeMap.get(actualTypeArguments[i]);
            typeMap.put(typeParameters[i], actualTypeArguments[i]);
         }
      }
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Other methods
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this object passes the specified predicate test.
    *
    * @param test The test to perform.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this object passes the specified predicate test.
    */
   public boolean matches(Predicate<ClassInfo> test) {
      return test(test, this);
   }

   /**
    * Performs an action on this object if the specified predicate test passes.
    *
    * @param test A test to apply to determine if action should be executed.  Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param action An action to perform on this object.
    * @return This object.
    */
   public ClassInfo accept(Predicate<ClassInfo> test, Consumer<ClassInfo> action) {
      if (matches(test))
         action.accept(this);
      return this;
   }

   @Override
   public String toString() {
      return t.toString();
   }

   @Override
   public int hashCode() {
      return t.hashCode();
   }

   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object o) {
      return (o instanceof ClassInfo) && eq(this, (ClassInfo)o, (x,y)->eq(x.t, y.t));
   }
}