// ***************************************************************************************************************************
// * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file *
// * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file        *
// * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance            *
// * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at                                                              *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                                                                             *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an  *
// * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the        *
// * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.                                              *
// ***************************************************************************************************************************
package org.apache.juneau.reflect;

import static org.apache.juneau.internal.StringUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.reflect.ReflectFlags.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.internal.CollectionUtils.*;

import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.function.*;

import org.apache.juneau.*;
import org.apache.juneau.annotation.*;
import org.apache.juneau.internal.*;
import org.apache.juneau.utils.*;

/**
 * Lightweight utility class for introspecting information about a class.
 *
 * <p>
 * Provides various convenience methods for introspecting fields/methods/annotations
 * that aren't provided by the standard Java reflection APIs.
 *
 * <p>
 * Objects are designed to be lightweight to create and threadsafe.
 *
 * <h5 class='figure'>Example:</h5>
 * <p class='bpcode w800'>
 *    <jc>// Wrap our class inside a ClassInfo.</jc>
 *    ClassInfo ci = ClassInfo.<jsm>of</jsm>(MyClass.<jk>class</jk>);
 *
 *    <jc>// Get all methods in parent-to-child order, sorted alphabetically per class.</jc>
 *    <jk>for</jk> (MethodInfo mi : ci.getAllMethodInfos(<jk>true</jk>, <jk>true</jk>)) {
 *       <jc>// Do something with it.</jc>
 *    }
 *
 *    <jc>// Get all class-level annotations in parent-to-child order.</jc>
 *    <jk>for</jk> (MyAnnotation a : ci.getAnnotations(MyAnnotation.<jk>class</jk>, <jk>true</jk>)) {
 *       // Do something with it.
 *    }
 * </p>
 */
@BeanIgnore
public final class ClassInfo {

   private final Type t;
   final Class<?> c;
   private ClassInfo proxyFor;
   private final boolean isParameterizedType;
   private List<ClassInfo> interfaces, declaredInterfaces, parents, allParents;
   private List<MethodInfo> publicMethods, declaredMethods, allMethods, allMethodsParentFirst;
   private List<ConstructorInfo> publicConstructors, declaredConstructors;
   private List<FieldInfo> publicFields, declaredFields, allFields, allFieldsParentFirst;
   private int dim = -1;
   private ClassInfo componentType;

   private static final Map<Class<?>,ClassInfo> CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Instantiation.
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Constructor.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @param t The generic type (if parameterized type).
    * @param proxyFor If the class is a CGLIB proxy, this is the underlying wrapped class.
    */
   protected ClassInfo(Class<?> c, Type t, Class<?> proxyFor) {
      this.t = t;
      this.c = c;
      this.proxyFor = proxyFor == null ? null : ClassInfo.of(proxyFor);
      this.isParameterizedType = t == null ? false : (t instanceof ParameterizedType);
   }

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param t The class type.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Type t) {
      if (t == null)
         return null;
      return new ClassInfo(ClassUtils.toClass(t), t, null);
   }

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Class<?> c) {
      if (c == null)
         return null;
      return new ClassInfo(c, c, null);
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #of(Class)}} but caches the result for faster future lookup.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo ofc(Class<?> c) {
      if (c == null)
         return null;
      ClassInfo ci = CACHE.get(c);
      if (ci == null) {
         ci = ClassInfo.of(c);
         CACHE.put(c, ci);
      }
      return ci;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a class info wrapper around the specified class type.
    *
    * @param c The class type.
    * @param t The generic type (if parameterized type).
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Class<?> c, Type t) {
      return new ClassInfo(c, t, null);
   }

   /**
    * Same as using the constructor, but operates on an object instance.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the object was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo of(Object o) {
      if (o == null)
         return null;
      return new ClassInfo(o.getClass(), o.getClass(), getProxyFor(o));
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #of(Object)}} but caches the result for faster future lookup.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The constructed class info, or <jk>null</jk> if the type was <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public static ClassInfo ofc(Object o) {
      if (o == null)
         return null;
      Class<?> c = o.getClass();
      ClassInfo ci = CACHE.get(c);
      if (ci == null) {
         ci = ClassInfo.of(o);
         CACHE.put(c, ci);
      }
      return ci;
   }

   /**
    * When this metadata is against a CGLIB proxy, this method finds the underlying "real" class.
    *
    * @param o The class instance.
    * @return The non-proxy class, or <jk>null</jk> if it's not a CGLIB proxy.
    */
   private static Class<?> getProxyFor(Object o) {
      Class<?> c = o.getClass();
      String s = c.getName();
      if (s.indexOf('$') == -1 || ! s.contains("$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$"))
         return null;
      for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
         if (m.getName().equals("getTargetClass") && m.getParameterCount() == 0 && m.getReturnType().equals(Class.class)) {
            try {
               return (Class<?>) m.invoke(o);
            } catch (Exception e) {}
         }
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the wrapped class as a {@link Type}.
    *
    * @return The wrapped class as a {@link Type}.
    */
   public Type innerType() {
      return t;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the wrapped class as a {@link Class}.
    *
    * @return The wrapped class as a {@link Class}, or <jk>null</jk> if it's not a class (e.g. it's a {@link ParameterizedType}).
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public <T> Class<T> inner() {
      return (Class<T>)c;
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a parameterized {@link Value} type, returns the parameterized type.
    *
    * @return The parameterized type, or this object if this class is not a parameterized {@link Value} type.
    */
   public ClassInfo resolved() {
      if (Value.isType(t))
         return of(Value.getParameterType(t));
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Identifies the inner target class when this class info represents a CGLIB proxy class.
    *
    * @param proxyFor The inner non-proxied class.
    * @return This object (for method chaining).
    */
   public ClassInfo proxyFor(Class<?> proxyFor) {
      this.proxyFor = ClassInfo.of(proxyFor);
      return this;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the non-proxied inner class of a CGLIB proxy class.
    *
    * @return The non-proxied inner class of a CGLIB proxy class, or the inner class if it's not a proxy.
    */
   public Class<?> getProxiedClass() {
      return proxyFor == null ? c : proxyFor.inner();
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Parent classes and interfaces.
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns the parent class.
    *
    * @return
    *    The parent class, or <jk>null</jk> if the class has no parent.
    */
   public ClassInfo getParent() {
      return c == null ? null : of(c.getSuperclass());
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list of interfaces declared on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Does not include interfaces declared on parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    An unmodifiable list of interfaces declared on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in the same order as {@link Class#getInterfaces()}.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getDeclaredInterfaces() {
      if (declaredInterfaces == null) {
         Class<?>[] ii = c == null ? new Class[0] : c.getInterfaces();
         List<ClassInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(ii.length);
         for (Class<?> i : ii)
            l.add(of(i));
         declaredInterfaces = unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return declaredInterfaces;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *
    * @return
    *    An unmodifiable list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *    <br>Results are in child-to-parent order.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getInterfaces() {
      if (interfaces == null) {
         Set<ClassInfo> s = new LinkedHashSet<>();
         for (ClassInfo ci : getParents())
            for (ClassInfo ci2 : ci.getDeclaredInterfaces()) {
               s.add(ci2);
               for (ClassInfo ci3 : ci2.getInterfaces())
                  s.add(ci3);
            }
         interfaces = unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(s));
      }
      return interfaces;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *
    * @return
    *    An unmodifiable list of interfaces defined on this class and superclasses.
    *    <br>Results are in parent-to-child order.
    */
   public Iterable<ClassInfo> getInterfacesParentFirst() {
      return iterable(getInterfaces(), true);
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    * Does not include interfaces.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are in child-to-parent order.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getParents() {
      if (parents == null) {
         List<ClassInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         Class<?> pc = c;
         while (pc != null && pc != Object.class) {
            l.add(of(pc));
            pc = pc.getSuperclass();
         }
         parents = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return parents;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * <p>
    * Does not include interfaces.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are in parent-to-child order.
    */
   public Iterable<ClassInfo> getParentsParentFirst() {
      return iterable(getParents(), true);
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes and interfaces.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered child-to-parent order with classes listed before interfaces.
    */
   public List<ClassInfo> getAllParents() {
      if (allParents == null) {
         List<ClassInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         l.addAll(getParents());
         l.addAll(getInterfaces());
         allParents = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return allParents;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a list including this class and all parent classes and interfaces.
    *
    * @return An unmodifiable list including this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered parent-to-child order with interfaces listed before classes.
    */
   public Iterable<ClassInfo> getAllParentsParentFirst() {
      return iterable(getAllParents(), true);
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Methods
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all public methods on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Methods defined on the {@link Object} class are excluded from the results.
    *
    * @return
    *    All public methods on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered alphabetically.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getPublicMethods() {
      if (publicMethods == null) {
         Method[] mm = c == null ? new Method[0] : c.getMethods();
         List<MethodInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(mm.length);
         for (Method m : mm)
            if (m.getDeclaringClass() != Object.class)
               l.add(MethodInfo.of(this, m, getProxyTarget(m)));
         l.sort(null);
         publicMethods = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return publicMethods;
   }

   private Method getProxyTarget(Method m) {
      if (proxyFor != null) {
         MethodInfo m2 = proxyFor.getMethod(m.getName(), m.getParameterTypes());
         if (m2 != null)
            return m2.inner();
      }
      return m;
   }

   private Constructor<?> getProxyTarget(Constructor<?> c) {
      if (proxyFor != null) {
         ConstructorInfo c2 = proxyFor.getConstructor(Visibility.PRIVATE, c.getParameterTypes());
         if (c2 != null)
            return c2.inner();
      }
      return c;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the public method with the specified method name and argument types.
    *
    * @param name The method name (e.g. <js>"toString"</js>).
    * @param args The exact argument types.
    * @return
    *  The public method with the specified method name and argument types, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public MethodInfo getPublicMethod(String name, Class<?>...args) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : getPublicMethods())
         if (mi.hasName(name) && mi.hasParamTypes(args))
            return mi;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the method with the specified method name and argument types.
    *
    * @param name The method name (e.g. <js>"toString"</js>).
    * @param args The exact argument types.
    * @return
    *  The method with the specified method name and argument types, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public MethodInfo getMethod(String name, Class<?>...args) {
      for (MethodInfo mi : getAllMethods())
         if (mi.hasName(name) && mi.hasParamTypes(args))
            return mi;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all methods declared on this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All methods declared on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered alphabetically.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getDeclaredMethods() {
      if (declaredMethods == null) {
         Method[] mm = c == null ? new Method[0] : c.getDeclaredMethods();
         List<MethodInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(mm.length);
         for (Method m : mm)
            if (! "$jacocoInit".equals(m.getName())) // Jacoco adds its own simulated methods.
               l.add(MethodInfo.of(this, m, getProxyTarget(m)));
         l.sort(null);
         declaredMethods = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return declaredMethods;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered child-to-parent, and then alphabetically per class.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getAllMethods() {
      if (allMethods == null) {
         List<MethodInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         for (ClassInfo c : getAllParents())
            c.appendDeclaredMethods(l);
         allMethods = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return allMethods;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared methods on this class and all parent classes.
    *    <br>Results are ordered parent-to-child, and then alphabetically per class.
    */
   public List<MethodInfo> getAllMethodsParentFirst() {
      if (allMethodsParentFirst == null) {
         List<MethodInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         for (ClassInfo c : getAllParentsParentFirst())
            c.appendDeclaredMethods(l);
         allMethodsParentFirst = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return allMethodsParentFirst;
   }

   private List<MethodInfo> appendDeclaredMethods(List<MethodInfo> l) {
      l.addAll(getDeclaredMethods());
      return l;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Special methods
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Find the public static creator method on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Looks for the following method names:
    * <ul>
    *    <li><c>create</c>
    *    <li><c>from</c>
    *    <li><c>fromValue</c>
    *    <li><c>parse</c>
    *    <li><c>valueOf</c>
    *    <li><c>fromX</c>
    *    <li><c>forX</c>
    *    <li><c>parseX</c>
    * </ul>
    *
    * @param ic The argument type.
    * @param additionalNames Additional method names to check for.
    * @return The static method, or <jk>null</jk> if it couldn't be found.
    */
   public MethodInfo getStaticCreateMethod(Class<?> ic, String...additionalNames) {
      if (c != null) {
         for (MethodInfo m : getPublicMethods()) {
            if (m.isAll(STATIC, PUBLIC, NOT_DEPRECATED) && m.hasReturnType(c) && m.hasParamTypes(ic)) {
               String n = m.getSimpleName(), cn = ic.getSimpleName();
               if (
                  isOneOf(n, "create","from","fromValue","parse","valueOf")
                  || isOneOf(n, additionalNames)
                  || (n.startsWith("from") && n.substring(4).equals(cn))
                  || (n.startsWith("for") && n.substring(3).equals(cn))
                  || (n.startsWith("parse") && n.substring(5).equals(cn))
                  ) {
                  return m;
               }
            }
         }
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Find the public static method with the specified name and args.
    *
    * @param name The method name.
    * @param rt The method return type.
    * @param args The method arguments
    * @return The method, or <jk>null</jk> if it couldn't be found.
    */
   public MethodInfo getStaticPublicMethod(String name, Class<?> rt, Class<?>...args) {
      if (c != null)
         for (MethodInfo m : getPublicMethods())
            if (m.isAll(STATIC, PUBLIC, NOT_DEPRECATED) && name.equals(m.getSimpleName()) && m.hasReturnType(rt) && m.hasParamTypes(args))
               return m;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Find the public static method with the specified name and args.
    *
    * @param name The method name.
    * @param rt The method return type.
    * @param args The method arguments
    * @return The method, or <jk>null</jk> if it couldn't be found.
    */
   public Method getStaticPublicMethodInner(String name, Class<?> rt, Class<?>...args) {
      MethodInfo mi = getStaticPublicMethod(name, rt, args);
      return mi == null ? null : mi.inner();
   }

   /**
    * Returns the <c>public static Builder create()</c> method on this class.
    *
    * @return The <c>public static Builder create()</c> method on this class, or <jk>null</jk> if it doesn't exist.
    */
   public MethodInfo getBuilderCreateMethod() {
      for (MethodInfo m : getDeclaredMethods())
         if (m.isAll(PUBLIC, STATIC) && m.hasName("create") && (!m.hasReturnType(void.class)))
            return m;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the <c>T build()</c> method on this class.
    *
    * @return The <c>T build()</c> method on this class, or <jk>null</jk> if it doesn't exist.
    */
   public MethodInfo getBuilderBuildMethod() {
      for (MethodInfo m : getDeclaredMethods())
         if (m.isAll(NOT_STATIC) && m.hasName("build") && (!m.hasParams()) && (!m.hasReturnType(void.class)))
            return m;
      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Constructors
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all the public constructors defined on this class.
    *
    * @return All public constructors defined on this class.
    */
   public List<ConstructorInfo> getPublicConstructors() {
      if (publicConstructors == null) {
         Constructor<?>[] cc = c == null ? new Constructor[0] : c.getConstructors();
         List<ConstructorInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(cc.length);
         for (Constructor<?> ccc : cc)
            l.add(ConstructorInfo.of(this, ccc, getProxyTarget(ccc)));
         l.sort(null);
         publicConstructors = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return publicConstructors;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the public constructor with the specified argument types.
    *
    * @param args The exact argument types.
    * @return
    *  The public constructor with the specified argument types, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getPublicConstructor(Class<?>...args) {
      for (ConstructorInfo ci : getPublicConstructors())
         if (ci.hasParamTypes(args))
            return ci;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the declared constructor with the specified argument types.
    *
    * @param args The exact argument types.
    * @return
    *  The declared constructor with the specified argument types, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>...args) {
      for (ConstructorInfo ci : getDeclaredConstructors())
         if (ci.hasParamTypes(args))
            return ci;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getPublicConstructor(Class...)} but allows for inexact arg type matching.
    *
    * <p>
    * For example, the method <c>foo(CharSequence)</c> will be matched by <code>getAvailablePublicConstructor(String.<jk>class</jk>)</code>
    *
    * @param args The exact argument types.
    * @return
    *  The public constructor with the specified argument types, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getAvailablePublicConstructor(Class<?>...args) {
      return getConstructor(Visibility.PUBLIC, false, args);
   }

   /**
    * Returns all the constructors defined on this class.
    *
    * @return All constructors defined on this class.
    */
   public List<ConstructorInfo> getDeclaredConstructors() {
      if (declaredConstructors == null) {
         Constructor<?>[] cc = c == null ? new Constructor[0] : c.getDeclaredConstructors();
         List<ConstructorInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(cc.length);
         for (Constructor<?> ccc : cc)
            l.add(ConstructorInfo.of(this, ccc, getProxyTarget(ccc)));
         l.sort(null);
         declaredConstructors = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return declaredConstructors;
   }

   /**
    * Finds the public constructor that can take in the specified arguments.
    *
    * @param args The arguments we want to pass into the constructor.
    * @return
    *    The constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if a public constructor could not be found that takes in the specified
    *    arguments.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getPublicConstructor(Object...args) {
      return getPublicConstructor(ClassUtils.getClasses(args));
   }

   /**
    * Finds the public constructor that can take in the specified arguments using fuzzy-arg matching.
    *
    * @param args The arguments we want to pass into the constructor.
    * @return
    *    The constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if a public constructor could not be found that takes in the specified
    *    arguments.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getPublicConstructorFuzzy(Object...args) {
      return getConstructor(Visibility.PUBLIC, true, ClassUtils.getClasses(args));
   }

   /**
    * Finds a constructor with the specified parameters without throwing an exception.
    *
    * @param vis The minimum visibility.
    * @param argTypes
    *    The argument types in the constructor.
    *    Can be subtypes of the actual constructor argument types.
    * @return The matching constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if constructor could not be found.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getConstructor(Visibility vis, Class<?>...argTypes) {
      return getConstructor(vis, false, argTypes);
   }

   private ConstructorInfo getConstructor(Visibility vis, boolean fuzzyArgs, Class<?>...argTypes) {
      if (fuzzyArgs) {
         int bestCount = -1;
         ConstructorInfo bestMatch = null;
         for (ConstructorInfo n : getDeclaredConstructors()) {
            if (vis.isVisible(n.inner())) {
               int m = ClassUtils.fuzzyArgsMatch(n.getParamTypes(), argTypes);
               if (m > bestCount) {
                  bestCount = m;
                  bestMatch = n;
               }
            }
         }
         return bestMatch;
      }

      boolean isMemberClass = isNonStaticMemberClass();
      for (ConstructorInfo n : getDeclaredConstructors()) {
         List<ClassInfo> paramTypes = n.getParamTypes();
         if (isMemberClass)
            paramTypes = paramTypes.subList(1, paramTypes.size());
         if (ClassUtils.argsMatch(paramTypes, argTypes) && vis.isVisible(n.inner()))
            return n;
      }

      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Special constructors
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Locates the no-arg constructor for this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Constructor must match the visibility requirements specified by parameter 'v'.
    * If class is abstract, always returns <jk>null</jk>.
    * Note that this also returns the 1-arg constructor for non-static member classes.
    *
    * @param v The minimum visibility.
    * @return The constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if no no-arg constructor exists with the required visibility.
    */
   public ConstructorInfo getNoArgConstructor(Visibility v) {
      if (isAbstract())
         return null;
      boolean isMemberClass = isNonStaticMemberClass();
      for (ConstructorInfo cc : getDeclaredConstructors())
         if (cc.hasNumParams(isMemberClass ? 1 : 0) && cc.isVisible(v))
            return cc.makeAccessible(v);
      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Fields
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns all public fields on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Hidden fields are excluded from the results.
    *
    * @return
    *    All public fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in alphabetical order.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getPublicFields() {
      if (publicFields == null) {
         Map<String,FieldInfo> m = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         for (ClassInfo c : getParents())
            c.appendDeclaredPublicFields(m);
         List<FieldInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(m.values());
         l.sort(null);
         publicFields = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return publicFields;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared fields on this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are in alphabetical order.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getDeclaredFields() {
      if (declaredFields == null) {
         Field[] ff = c == null ? new Field[0] : c.getDeclaredFields();
         List<FieldInfo> l = new ArrayList<>(ff.length);
         for (Field f : ff)
            if (! "$jacocoData".equals(f.getName()))
               l.add(FieldInfo.of(this, f));
         l.sort(null);
         declaredFields = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return declaredFields;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared fields on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered child-to-parent, and then alphabetical per class.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getAllFields() {
      if (allFields == null) {
         List<FieldInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         for (ClassInfo c : getAllParents())
            c.appendDeclaredFields(l);
         allFields = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return allFields;
   }

   /**
    * Returns all declared fields on this class and all parent classes.
    *
    * @return
    *    All declared fields on this class.
    *    <br>Results are ordered parent-to-child, and then alphabetical per class.
    */
   public List<FieldInfo> getAllFieldsParentFirst() {
      if (allFieldsParentFirst == null) {
         List<FieldInfo> l = new ArrayList<>();
         for (ClassInfo c : getAllParentsParentFirst())
            c.appendDeclaredFields(l);
         allFieldsParentFirst = Collections.unmodifiableList(l);
      }
      return allFieldsParentFirst;
   }

   private List<FieldInfo> appendDeclaredFields(List<FieldInfo> l) {
      l.addAll(getDeclaredFields());
      return l;
   }

   private Map<String,FieldInfo> appendDeclaredPublicFields(Map<String,FieldInfo> m) {
      for (FieldInfo f : getDeclaredFields()) {
         String fn = f.getName();
         if (f.isPublic() && ! (m.containsKey(fn) || "$jacocoData".equals(fn)))
               m.put(f.getName(), f);
      }
      return m;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the public field with the specified name.
    *
    * @param name The field name.
    * @return The public field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public FieldInfo getPublicField(String name) {
      for (FieldInfo f : getPublicFields())
         if (f.getName().equals(name))
            return f;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the declared field with the specified name.
    *
    * @param name The field name.
    * @return The declared field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public FieldInfo getDeclaredField(String name) {
      for (FieldInfo f : getDeclaredFields())
         if (f.getName().equals(name))
            return f;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the static public field with the specified name.
    *
    * @param name The field name.
    * @return The public field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public FieldInfo getStaticPublicField(String name) {
      for (FieldInfo f : getPublicFields())
         if (f.isStatic() && f.getName().equals(name))
            return f;
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the static public field with the specified name.
    *
    * @param name The field name.
    * @return The public field, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public Field getStaticPublicFieldInner(String name) {
      for (FieldInfo f : getPublicFields())
         if (f.isStatic() && f.getName().equals(name))
            return f.inner();
      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Annotations
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Finds the annotation of the specified type defined on this class or parent class/interface.
    *
    * <p>
    * If the annotation cannot be found on the immediate class, searches methods with the same
    * signature on the parent classes or interfaces.
    * <br>The search is performed in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @return
    *    The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> a) {
      return getAnnotation(a, MetaProvider.DEFAULT);
   }

   /**
    * Finds the annotation of the specified type defined on this class or parent class/interface.
    *
    * <p>
    * If the annotation cannot be found on the immediate class, searches methods with the same
    * signature on the parent classes or interfaces.
    * <br>The search is performed in child-to-parent order.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return
    *    The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      return findAnnotation(a, mp);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has the specified annotation.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @return
    *    The <jk>true</jk> if annotation if found.
    */
   public boolean hasAnnotation(Class<? extends Annotation> a) {
      return getAnnotation(a) != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the specified annotation only if it's been declared on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * More efficient than calling {@link Class#getAnnotation(Class)} since it doesn't recursively look for the class
    * up the parent chain.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation class type.
    * @param a The annotation class.
    * @return The annotation, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> T getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<T> a) {
      return a == null ? null : c.getDeclaredAnnotation(a);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the specified annotation only if it's been declared on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * More efficient than calling {@link Class#getAnnotation(Class)} since it doesn't recursively look for the class
    * up the parent chain.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation class type.
    * @param a The annotation class.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return The annotation, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> T getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      return mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the specified annotation only if it's been declared on the package of this class.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation class type.
    * @param a The annotation class.
    * @return The annotation, or <jk>null</jk> if not found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> T getPackageAnnotation(Class<T> a) {
      Package p = c == null ? null : c.getPackage();
      return (p == null ? null : p.getAnnotation(a));
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getDeclaredAnnotation(Class)} but returns the annotation wrapped in a {@link AnnotationInfo}.
    *
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> AnnotationInfo<T> getDeclaredAnnotationInfo(Class<T> a) {
      T ca = getDeclaredAnnotation(a);
      return ca == null ? null : AnnotationInfo.of(this, ca);
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getPackageAnnotation(Class)} but returns the annotation wrapped in a {@link AnnotationInfo}.
    *
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The annotation if found, or <jk>null</jk> if not.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> AnnotationInfo<T> getPackageAnnotationInfo(Class<T> a) {
      T ca = getPackageAnnotation(a);
      return ca == null ? null : AnnotationInfo.of(getPackage(), ca);
   }

   /**
    * Returns all annotations of the specified type defined on the specified class or parent classes/interfaces.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @return
    *    A list of all matching annotations found in child-to-parent order, or an empty list if none found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> getAnnotations(Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotations(new ArrayList<>(), a);
   }

   /**
    * Returns all annotations of the specified type defined on the specified class or parent classes/interfaces.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation to search for.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return
    *    A list of all matching annotations found in child-to-parent order, or an empty list if none found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> getAnnotations(Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      return appendAnnotations(new ArrayList<>(), a, mp);
   }

   /**
    * Identical to {@link #getAnnotations(Class)} but optionally returns the list in reverse (parent-to-child) order.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @return
    *    A list of all matching annotations found or an empty list if none found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> getAnnotationsParentFirst(Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotationsParentFirst(new ArrayList<>(), a);
   }

   /**
    * Identical to {@link #getAnnotations(Class,MetaProvider)} but optionally returns the list in reverse (parent-to-child) order.
    *
    * @param a
    *    The annotation to search for.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return
    *    A list of all matching annotations found or an empty list if none found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> getAnnotationsParentFirst(Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      return appendAnnotationsParentFirst(new ArrayList<>(), a, mp);
   }

   /**
    * Same as getAnnotations(Class) except returns the annotations with the accompanying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are ordered child-to-parent.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation class type.
    * @param a The annotation class type.
    * @return The found matches, or an empty list if annotation was not found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<AnnotationInfo<T>> getAnnotationInfos(Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotationInfos(new ArrayList<>(), a);
   }

   /**
    * Same as getAnnotations(Class) except returns the annotations with the accompanying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Results are ordered parent-to-child.
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation class type.
    * @param a The annotation class type.
    * @return The found matches, or an empty list if annotation was not found.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<AnnotationInfo<T>> getAnnotationInfosParentFirst(Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotationInfosParentFirst(new ArrayList<>(), a);
   }

   /**
    * Constructs an {@link AnnotationList} of all annotations found on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param filter
    *    Optional filter to apply to limit which annotations are added to the list.
    *    <br>Can be <jk>null</jk> for no filtering.
    * @return A new {@link AnnotationList} object on every call.
    */
   public AnnotationList getAnnotationList(Predicate<AnnotationInfo<?>> filter) {
      return appendAnnotationList(new AnnotationList(filter));
   }

   /**
    * Constructs an {@link AnnotationList} of all annotations found on this class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered parent-to-child.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param filter
    *    Optional filter to apply to limit which annotations are added to the list.
    *    <br>Can be <jk>null</jk> for no filtering.
    * @return A new {@link AnnotationList} object on every call.
    */
   public AnnotationList getAnnotationListParentFirst(Predicate<AnnotationInfo<?>> filter) {
      return appendAnnotationListParentFirst(new AnnotationList(filter));
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> appendAnnotations(List<T> l, Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotations(l, a, MetaProvider.DEFAULT);
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param <T> The annotation to search for.
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> appendAnnotations(List<T> l, Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParents())
         addIfNotNull(l, mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, ci.inner()));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfaces())
         addIfNotNull(l, mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, ci.inner()));
      addIfNotNull(l, getPackageAnnotation(a));
      return l;
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> appendAnnotationsParentFirst(List<T> l, Class<T> a) {
      return appendAnnotationsParentFirst(l, a, MetaProvider.DEFAULT);
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @param mp The meta provider for looking up annotations on reflection objects (classes, methods, fields, constructors).
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<T> appendAnnotationsParentFirst(List<T> l, Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      addIfNotNull(l, getPackageAnnotation(a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfacesParentFirst())
         addIfNotNull(l, mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, ci.inner()));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParentsParentFirst())
         addIfNotNull(l, mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, ci.inner()));
      return l;
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On this class.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<AnnotationInfo<T>> appendAnnotationInfos(List<AnnotationInfo<T>> l, Class<T> a) {
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParents())
         addIfNotNull(l, ci.getDeclaredAnnotationInfo(a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfaces())
         addIfNotNull(l, ci.getDeclaredAnnotationInfo(a));
      addIfNotNull(l, getPackageAnnotationInfo(a));
      return l;
   }

   /**
    * Finds and appends the specified annotation on the specified class and superclasses/interfaces to the specified
    * list.
    *
    * <p>
    * Annotations are appended in the following orders:
    * <ol>
    *    <li>On the package of this class.
    *    <li>On interfaces ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On parent classes ordered child-to-parent.
    *    <li>On this class.
    * </ol>
    *
    * @param l The list of annotations.
    * @param a The annotation to search for.
    * @return The same list.
    */
   public <T extends Annotation> List<AnnotationInfo<T>> appendAnnotationInfosParentFirst(List<AnnotationInfo<T>> l, Class<T> a) {
      addIfNotNull(l, getPackageAnnotationInfo(a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfacesParentFirst())
         addIfNotNull(l, ci.getDeclaredAnnotationInfo(a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParentsParentFirst())
         addIfNotNull(l, ci.getDeclaredAnnotationInfo(a));
      return l;
   }

   AnnotationList appendAnnotationList(AnnotationList m) {
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParents())
         for (Annotation a : ci.c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(ci, a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfaces())
         for (Annotation a : ci.c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(ci, a));
      Package p = c.getPackage();
      if (p != null)
         for (Annotation a : p.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(p, a));
      return m;
   }

   AnnotationList appendAnnotationListParentFirst(AnnotationList m) {
      Package p = c.getPackage();
      if (p != null)
         for (Annotation a : p.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(p, a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getInterfacesParentFirst())
         for (Annotation a : ci.c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(ci, a));
      for (ClassInfo ci : getParentsParentFirst())
         for (Annotation a : ci.c.getDeclaredAnnotations())
            m.add(AnnotationInfo.of(ci, a));
      return m;
   }

   <T extends Annotation> T findAnnotation(Class<T> a, MetaProvider mp) {
      if (a == null)
         return null;

      T t2 = mp.getDeclaredAnnotation(a, c);
      if (t2 != null)
         return t2;

      ClassInfo sci = getParent();
      if (sci != null) {
         t2 = sci.getAnnotation(a, mp);
         if (t2 != null)
            return t2;
      }

      for (ClassInfo c2 : getInterfaces()) {
         t2 = c2.getAnnotation(a, mp);
         if (t2 != null)
            return t2;
      }

      return null;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Characteristics
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    *
    * @param flags The flags to test for.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    */
   public boolean isAll(ReflectFlags...flags) {
      for (ReflectFlags f : flags) {
         switch (f) {
            case DEPRECATED:
               if (isNotDeprecated())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_DEPRECATED:
               if (isDeprecated())
                  return false;
               break;
            case PUBLIC:
               if (isNotPublic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_PUBLIC:
               if (isPublic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case STATIC:
               if (isNotStatic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_STATIC:
               if (isStatic())
                  return false;
               break;
            case MEMBER:
               if (isNotMemberClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_MEMBER:
               if (isMemberClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case ABSTRACT:
               if (isNotAbstract())
                  return false;
               break;
            case NOT_ABSTRACT:
               if (isAbstract())
                  return false;
               break;
            case INTERFACE:
               if (isClass())
                  return false;
               break;
            case CLASS:
               if (isInterface())
                  return false;
               break;
            default:
               throw new RuntimeException("Invalid flag for class: " + f);

         }
      }
      return true;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    *
    * @param flags The flags to test for.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if all specified flags are applicable to this class.
    */
   public boolean isAny(ReflectFlags...flags) {
      for (ReflectFlags f : flags) {
         switch (f) {
            case DEPRECATED:
               if (isDeprecated())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_DEPRECATED:
               if (isNotDeprecated())
                  return true;
               break;
            case PUBLIC:
               if (isPublic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_PUBLIC:
               if (isNotPublic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case STATIC:
               if (isStatic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_STATIC:
               if (isNotStatic())
                  return true;
               break;
            case MEMBER:
               if (isMemberClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_MEMBER:
               if (isNotMemberClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            case ABSTRACT:
               if (isAbstract())
                  return true;
               break;
            case NOT_ABSTRACT:
               if (isNotAbstract())
                  return true;
               break;
            case INTERFACE:
               if (isInterface())
                  return true;
               break;
            case CLASS:
               if (isClass())
                  return true;
               break;
            default:
               throw new RuntimeException("Invalid flag for class: " + f);
         }
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class has the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    */
   public boolean isDeprecated() {
      return c != null && c.isAnnotationPresent(Deprecated.class);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class doesn't have the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class doesn't have the {@link Deprecated @Deprecated} annotation on it.
    */
   public boolean isNotDeprecated() {
      return c == null || ! c.isAnnotationPresent(Deprecated.class);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    */
   public boolean isPublic() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not public.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not public.
    */
   public boolean isNotPublic() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as static, and the static keyword on a member interface is meaningless.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is public.
    */
   public boolean isStatic() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isStatic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not static.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as static, and the static keyword on a member interface is meaningless.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not static.
    */
   public boolean isNotStatic() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isStatic(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as abstract.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    */
   public boolean isAbstract() {
      return c != null && Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not abstract.
    *
    * <p>
    * Note that interfaces are always reported as abstract.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not abstract.
    */
   public boolean isNotAbstract() {
      return c == null || ! Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers());
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    */
   public boolean isMemberClass() {
      return c != null && c.isMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class.
    */
   public boolean isNotMemberClass() {
      return c == null || ! c.isMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    */
   public boolean isNonStaticMemberClass() {
      return c != null && c.isMemberClass() && ! isStatic();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>false</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    *
    * @return <jk>false</jk> if this class is a member class and not static.
    */
   public boolean isNotNonStaticMemberClass() {
      return ! isNonStaticMemberClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    */
   public boolean isLocalClass() {
      return c != null && c.isLocalClass();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a local class.
    */
   public boolean isNotLocalClass() {
      return c == null || ! c.isLocalClass();
   }

   /**
    * Identifies if the specified visibility matches this constructor.
    *
    * @param v The visibility to validate against.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this visibility matches the modifier attribute of this constructor.
    */
   public boolean isVisible(Visibility v) {
      return c != null && v.isVisible(c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this is a primitive class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this is a primitive class.
    */
   public boolean isPrimitive() {
      return c != null && c.isPrimitive();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    */
   public boolean isNotPrimitive() {
      return c == null || ! c.isPrimitive();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an interface.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an interface.
    */
   public boolean isInterface() {
      return c != null && c.isInterface();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not an interface.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not an interface.
    */
   public boolean isClass() {
      return c != null && ! c.isInterface();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link RuntimeException}.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link RuntimeException}.
    */
   public boolean isRuntimeException() {
      return isChildOf(RuntimeException.class);
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Primitive wrappers
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the {@link #getPrimitiveWrapper()} method returns a value.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the {@link #getPrimitiveWrapper()} method returns a value.
    */
   public boolean hasPrimitiveWrapper() {
      return pmap1.containsKey(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive (e.g. <code><jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's wrapper class
    * (e.g. <code>Integer.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The wrapper class, or <jk>null</jk> if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public Class<?> getPrimitiveWrapper() {
      return pmap1.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive wrapper (e.g. <code><jk>Integer</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's
    * primitive class (e.g. <code>int.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The primitive class, or <jk>null</jk> if class is not a primitive wrapper.
    */
   public Class<?> getPrimitiveForWrapper() {
      return pmap2.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * If this class is a primitive (e.g. <code><jk>int</jk>.<jk>class</jk></code>) returns it's wrapper class
    * (e.g. <code>Integer.<jk>class</jk></code>).
    *
    * @return The wrapper class if it's primitive, or the same class if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public Class<?> getWrapperIfPrimitive() {
      if (c != null && ! c.isPrimitive())
         return c;
      return pmap1.get(c);
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getWrapperIfPrimitive()} but wraps it in a {@link ClassInfo}.
    *
    * @return The wrapper class if it's primitive, or the same class if class is not a primitive.
    */
   public ClassInfo getWrapperInfoIfPrimitive() {
      if (c == null || ! c.isPrimitive())
         return this;
      return of(pmap1.get(c));
   }

   /**
    * Returns the default value for this primitive class.
    *
    * @return The default value, or <jk>null</jk> if this is not a primitive class.
    */
   public Object getPrimitiveDefault() {
      return primitiveDefaultMap.get(c);
   }

   private static final Map<Class<?>, Class<?>>
      pmap1 = new HashMap<>(),
      pmap2 = new HashMap<>();
   static {
      pmap1.put(boolean.class, Boolean.class);
      pmap1.put(byte.class, Byte.class);
      pmap1.put(short.class, Short.class);
      pmap1.put(char.class, Character.class);
      pmap1.put(int.class, Integer.class);
      pmap1.put(long.class, Long.class);
      pmap1.put(float.class, Float.class);
      pmap1.put(double.class, Double.class);
      pmap2.put(Boolean.class, boolean.class);
      pmap2.put(Byte.class, byte.class);
      pmap2.put(Short.class, short.class);
      pmap2.put(Character.class, char.class);
      pmap2.put(Integer.class, int.class);
      pmap2.put(Long.class, long.class);
      pmap2.put(Float.class, float.class);
      pmap2.put(Double.class, double.class);
   }

   private static final Map<Class<?>,Object> primitiveDefaultMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(
      new AMap<Class<?>,Object>()
         .append(Boolean.TYPE, false)
         .append(Character.TYPE, (char)0)
         .append(Short.TYPE, (short)0)
         .append(Integer.TYPE, 0)
         .append(Long.TYPE, 0l)
         .append(Float.TYPE, 0f)
         .append(Double.TYPE, 0d)
         .append(Byte.TYPE, (byte)0)
         .append(Boolean.class, false)
         .append(Character.class, (char)0)
         .append(Short.class, (short)0)
         .append(Integer.class, 0)
         .append(Long.class, 0l)
         .append(Float.class, 0f)
         .append(Double.class, 0d)
         .append(Byte.class, (byte)0)
   );

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Labels
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns the full name of this class.
    *
    * <h5 class='section'>Examples:</h5>
    * <ul>
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass"</js> - Normal class
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass[][]"</js> - Array.
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass$InnerClass"</js> - Inner class.
    *    <li><js>"com.foo.MyClass$InnerClass[][]"</js> - Inner class array.
    *    <li><js>"int"</js> - Primitive class.
    *    <li><js>"int[][]"</js> - Primitive class class.
    *    <li><js>"java.util.Map&lt;java.lang.String,java.lang.Object&gt;"</js> - Parameterized type.
    *    <li><js>"java.util.AbstractMap&lt;K,V&gt;"</js> - Parameterized generic type.
    *    <li><js>"V"</js> - Parameterized generic type argument.
    * </ul>
    *
    * @return The underlying class name.
    */
   public String getFullName() {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! isParameterizedType)
         return ct.getName();
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(128);
      appendFullName(sb);
      return sb.toString();
   }

   /**
    * Returns all possible names for this class.
    *
    * @return
    *    An array consisting of:
    *    <ul>
    *       <li>{@link #getFullName()}
    *       <li>{@link Class#getName()} - Note that this might be a dup.
    *       <li>{@link #getShortName()}
    *       <li>{@link #getSimpleName()}
    *    </ul>
    */
   public String[] getNames() {
      return new String[]{ getFullName(), c.getName(), getShortName(), getSimpleName() };
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getFullName()} but appends to an existing string builder.
    *
    * @param sb The string builder to append to.
    * @return The same string builder.
    */
   public StringBuilder appendFullName(StringBuilder sb) {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! isParameterizedType)
         return sb.append(ct.getName());
      sb.append(ct != null ? ct.getName() : t.getTypeName());
      if (isParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)t;
         sb.append('<');
         boolean first = true;
         for (Type t2 : pt.getActualTypeArguments()) {
            if (! first)
               sb.append(',');
            first = false;
            of(t2).appendFullName(sb);
         }
         sb.append('>');
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
         sb.append('[').append(']');
      return sb;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the short name of the underlying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Similar to {@link #getSimpleName()} but also renders local or member class name prefixes.
    *
    * @return The short name of the underlying class.
    */
   public String getShortName() {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null && dim == 0 && ! (isParameterizedType || isMemberClass() || c.isLocalClass()))
         return ct.getSimpleName();
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(32);
      appendShortName(sb);
      return sb.toString();
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getShortName()} but appends to an existing string builder.
    *
    * @param sb The string builder to append to.
    * @return The same string builder.
    */
   public StringBuilder appendShortName(StringBuilder sb) {
      Class<?> ct = getComponentType().inner();
      int dim = getDimensions();
      if (ct != null) {
         if (ct.isLocalClass())
            sb.append(of(ct.getEnclosingClass()).getSimpleName()).append('$').append(ct.getSimpleName());
         else if (ct.isMemberClass())
            sb.append(of(ct.getDeclaringClass()).getSimpleName()).append('$').append(ct.getSimpleName());
         else
            sb.append(ct.getSimpleName());
      } else {
         sb.append(t.getTypeName());
      }
      if (isParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)t;
         sb.append('<');
         boolean first = true;
         for (Type t2 : pt.getActualTypeArguments()) {
            if (! first)
               sb.append(',');
            first = false;
            of(t2).appendShortName(sb);
         }
         sb.append('>');
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
         sb.append('[').append(']');
      return sb;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the simple name of the underlying class.
    *
    * <p>
    * Returns either {@link Class#getSimpleName()} or {@link Type#getTypeName()} depending on whether
    * this is a class or type.
    *
    * @return The simple name of the underlying class;
    */
   public String getSimpleName() {
      return c != null ? c.getSimpleName() : t.getTypeName();
   }

   /**
    * Returns the name of the underlying class.
    *
    * @return The name of the underlying class.
    */
   public String getName() {
      return c != null ? c.getName() : t.getTypeName();
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #getSimpleName()} but uses <js>"Array"</js> instead of <js>"[]"</js>.
    *
    * @return The readable name for this class.
    */
   public String getReadableName() {
      if (c == null)
         return t.getTypeName();
      if (! c.isArray())
         return c.getSimpleName();
      Class<?> c = this.c;
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      while (c.isArray()) {
         sb.append("Array");
         c = c.getComponentType();
      }
      return c.getSimpleName() + sb;
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Hierarchy
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOf(Class<?> child) {
      return c != null && child != null && c.isAssignableFrom(child);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    *
    * @param child The child class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isParentOf(Type child) {
      if (child instanceof Class)
         return isParentOf((Class<?>)child);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child of <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent of <c>child</c>.
    */
   public boolean isStrictChildOf(Class<?> parent) {
      return c != null && parent != null && parent.isAssignableFrom(c) && ! c.equals(parent);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(Class<?> parent) {
      return c != null && parent != null && parent.isAssignableFrom(c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as any of the <c>parents</c>.
    *
    * @param parents The parents class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as any of the <c>parents</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOfAny(Class<?>...parents) {
      for (Class<?> p : parents)
         if (isChildOf(p))
            return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(Type parent) {
      if (parent instanceof Class)
         return isChildOf((Class<?>)parent);
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a child or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    *
    * @param parent The parent class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a parent or the same as <c>parent</c>.
    */
   public boolean isChildOf(ClassInfo parent) {
      return isChildOf(parent.inner());
   }

   /**
    * Checks for equality with the specified class.
    *
    * @param c The class to check equality with.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class is the same as this one.
    */
   public boolean is(Class<?> c) {
      return this.c != null && this.c.equals(c);
   }

   /**
    * Checks for equality with the specified class.
    *
    * @param c The class to check equality with.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class is the same as this one.
    */
   public boolean is(ClassInfo c) {
      if (this.c != null)
         return this.c.equals(c.inner());
      return t.equals(c.t);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is any of the specified types.
    *
    * @param types The types to check against.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is any of the specified types.
    */
   public boolean isAny(Class<?>...types) {
      for (Class<?> cc : types)
         if (is(cc))
            return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the package of this class.
    *
    * @return The package of this class.
    */
   public Package getPackage() {
      return c == null ? null : c.getPackage();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not in the root package.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not in the root package.
    */
   public boolean hasPackage() {
      return getPackage() != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the number of dimensions if this is an array type.
    *
    * @return The number of dimensions if this is an array type, or <c>0</c> if it is not.
    */
   public int getDimensions() {
      if (dim == -1) {
         int d = 0;
         Class<?> ct = c;
         while (ct != null && ct.isArray()) {
            d++;
            ct = ct.getComponentType();
         }
         this.dim = d;
         this.componentType = ct == c ? this : of(ct);
      }
      return dim;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the base component type of this class if it's an array.
    *
    * @return The base component type of this class if it's an array, or this object if it's not.
    */
   public ClassInfo getComponentType() {
      if (componentType == null) {
         if (c == null)
            componentType = this;
         else
            getDimensions();
      }
      return componentType;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an enum.
    *
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an enum.
    */
   public boolean isEnum() {
      return c != null && c.isEnum();
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Instantiation
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Shortcut for calling {@link Class#newInstance()} on the underlying class.
    *
    * @return A new instance of the underlying class
    * @throws ExecutableException Exception occurred on invoked constructor/method/field.
    */
   public Object newInstance() throws ExecutableException {
      if (c == null)
         throw new ExecutableException("Type ''{0}'' cannot be instantiated", getFullName());
      try {
         return c.newInstance();
      } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
         throw new ExecutableException(e);
      }
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Parameter types
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /**
    * Finds the real parameter type of this class.
    *
    * @param index The zero-based index of the parameter to resolve.
    * @param pt The parameterized type class containing the parameterized type to resolve (e.g. <c>HashMap</c>).
    * @return The resolved real class.
    */
   public Class<?> getParameterType(int index, Class<?> pt) {
      if (pt == null)
         throw new FormattedIllegalArgumentException("Parameterized type cannot be null");

      // We need to make up a mapping of type names.
      Map<Type,Type> typeMap = new HashMap<>();
      Class<?> cc = c;
      while (pt != cc.getSuperclass()) {
         extractTypes(typeMap, cc);
         cc = cc.getSuperclass();
         if (cc == null)
            throw new FormattedIllegalArgumentException("Class ''{0}'' is not a subclass of parameterized type ''{1}''", c.getSimpleName(), pt.getSimpleName());
      }

      Type gsc = cc.getGenericSuperclass();

      if (! (gsc instanceof ParameterizedType))
         throw new FormattedIllegalArgumentException("Class ''{0}'' is not a parameterized type", pt.getSimpleName());

      ParameterizedType cpt = (ParameterizedType)gsc;
      Type[] atArgs = cpt.getActualTypeArguments();
      if (index >= atArgs.length)
         throw new FormattedIllegalArgumentException("Invalid type index. index={0}, argsLength={1}", index, atArgs.length);
      Type actualType = cpt.getActualTypeArguments()[index];

      if (typeMap.containsKey(actualType))
         actualType = typeMap.get(actualType);

      if (actualType instanceof Class) {
         return (Class<?>)actualType;

      } else if (actualType instanceof GenericArrayType) {
         Type gct = ((GenericArrayType)actualType).getGenericComponentType();
         if (gct instanceof ParameterizedType)
            return Array.newInstance((Class<?>)((ParameterizedType)gct).getRawType(), 0).getClass();
      } else if (actualType instanceof TypeVariable) {
         TypeVariable<?> typeVariable = (TypeVariable<?>)actualType;
         List<Class<?>> nestedOuterTypes = new LinkedList<>();
         for (Class<?> ec = cc.getEnclosingClass(); ec != null; ec = ec.getEnclosingClass()) {
            Class<?> outerClass = cc.getClass();
            nestedOuterTypes.add(outerClass);
            Map<Type,Type> outerTypeMap = new HashMap<>();
            extractTypes(outerTypeMap, outerClass);
            for (Map.Entry<Type,Type> entry : outerTypeMap.entrySet()) {
               Type key = entry.getKey(), value = entry.getValue();
               if (key instanceof TypeVariable) {
                  TypeVariable<?> keyType = (TypeVariable<?>)key;
                  if (keyType.getName().equals(typeVariable.getName()) && isInnerClass(keyType.getGenericDeclaration(), typeVariable.getGenericDeclaration())) {
                     if (value instanceof Class)
                        return (Class<?>)value;
                     typeVariable = (TypeVariable<?>)entry.getValue();
                  }
               }
            }
         }
      } else if (actualType instanceof ParameterizedType) {
         return (Class<?>)((ParameterizedType)actualType).getRawType();
      }
      throw new FormattedIllegalArgumentException("Could not resolve variable ''{0}'' to a type.", actualType.getTypeName());
   }

   private static boolean isInnerClass(GenericDeclaration od, GenericDeclaration id) {
      if (od instanceof Class && id instanceof Class) {
         Class<?> oc = (Class<?>)od;
         Class<?> ic = (Class<?>)id;
         while ((ic = ic.getEnclosingClass()) != null)
            if (ic == oc)
               return true;
      }
      return false;
   }

   private static void extractTypes(Map<Type,Type> typeMap, Class<?> c) {
      Type gs = c.getGenericSuperclass();
      if (gs instanceof ParameterizedType) {
         ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType)gs;
         Type[] typeParameters = ((Class<?>)pt.getRawType()).getTypeParameters();
         Type[] actualTypeArguments = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
         for (int i = 0; i < typeParameters.length; i++) {
            if (typeMap.containsKey(actualTypeArguments[i]))
               actualTypeArguments[i] = typeMap.get(actualTypeArguments[i]);
            typeMap.put(typeParameters[i], actualTypeArguments[i]);
         }
      }
   }

   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Other
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   @Override
   public String toString() {
      return t.toString();
   }

   @Override
   public int hashCode() {
      return t.hashCode();
   }

   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object o) {
      return o == null ? false : ((ClassInfo)o).t.equals(t);
   }
}