// ***************************************************************************************************************************
// * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file *
// * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file        *
// * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance            *
// * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at                                                              *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                                                                             *
// *                                                                                                                         *
// * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an  *
// * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the        *
// * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.                                              *
// ***************************************************************************************************************************
package org.apache.juneau;

import static org.apache.juneau.ClassMeta.ClassCategory.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.internal.ClassUtils.*;
import static org.apache.juneau.internal.ReflectionUtils.*;

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.net.*;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;

import org.apache.juneau.annotation.*;
import org.apache.juneau.http.*;
import org.apache.juneau.internal.*;
import org.apache.juneau.parser.*;
import org.apache.juneau.remoteable.*;
import org.apache.juneau.serializer.*;
import org.apache.juneau.transform.*;
import org.apache.juneau.utils.*;

/**
 * A wrapper class around the {@link Class} object that provides cached information about that class.
 * 
 * <p>
 * Instances of this class can be created through the {@link BeanContext#getClassMeta(Class)} method.
 * 
 * <p>
 * The {@link BeanContext} class will cache and reuse instances of this class except for the following class types:
 * <ul>
 *    <li>Arrays
 *    <li>Maps with non-Object key/values.
 *    <li>Collections with non-Object key/values.
 * </ul>
 * 
 * <p>
 * This class is tied to the {@link BeanContext} class because it's that class that makes the determination of what is
 * a bean.
 * 
 * @param <T> The class type of the wrapped class.
 */
@Bean(properties="innerClass,classCategory,elementType,keyType,valueType,notABeanReason,initException,beanMeta")
public final class ClassMeta<T> implements Type {

   /** Class categories. */
   enum ClassCategory {
      MAP, COLLECTION, CLASS, METHOD, NUMBER, DECIMAL, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, ARRAY, ENUM, OTHER, CHARSEQ, STR, OBJ, URI, BEANMAP, READER, INPUTSTREAM, VOID, ARGS
   }

   final Class<T> innerClass;                              // The class being wrapped.

   private final Class<? extends T> implClass;             // The implementation class to use if this is an interface.
   private final ClassCategory cc;                         // The class category.
   private final Method fromStringMethod;                  // The static valueOf(String) or fromString(String) or forString(String) method (if it has one).
   private final Constructor<? extends T>
      noArgConstructor;                                    // The no-arg constructor for this class (if it has one).
   private final Constructor<T>
      stringConstructor,                                   // The X(String) constructor (if it has one).
      numberConstructor,                                   // The X(Number) constructor (if it has one).
      swapConstructor;                                     // The X(Swappable) constructor (if it has one).
   private final Class<?>
      swapMethodType,                                      // The class type of the object in the number constructor.
      numberConstructorType;
   private final Method
      swapMethod,                                          // The swap() method (if it has one).
      unswapMethod;                                        // The unswap() method (if it has one).
   private final Setter
      namePropertyMethod,                                  // The method to set the name on an object (if it has one).
      parentPropertyMethod;                                // The method to set the parent on an object (if it has one).
   private final boolean
      isDelegate,                                          // True if this class extends Delegate.
      isAbstract,                                          // True if this class is abstract.
      isMemberClass;                                       // True if this is a non-static member class.
   private final Object primitiveDefault;                  // Default value for primitive type classes.
   private final Map<String,Method>
      remoteableMethods,                                   // Methods annotated with @RemoteMethod.
      publicMethods;                                       // All public methods, including static methods.
   private final PojoSwap<?,?>[] childPojoSwaps;           // Any PojoSwaps where the normal type is a subclass of this class.
   private final ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>,PojoSwap<?,?>>
      childSwapMap,                                        // Maps normal subclasses to PojoSwaps.
      childUnswapMap;                                      // Maps swap subclasses to PojoSwaps.
   private final PojoSwap<T,?>[] pojoSwaps;                // The object POJO swaps associated with this bean (if it has any).
   private final BeanFilter beanFilter;                    // The bean filter associated with this bean (if it has one).
   private final BuilderSwap<T,?> builderSwap;             // The builder swap associated with this bean (if it has one).
   private final MetadataMap extMeta;                      // Extended metadata
   private final BeanContext beanContext;                  // The bean context that created this object.
   private final ClassMeta<?>
      elementType,                                         // If ARRAY or COLLECTION, the element class type.
      keyType,                                             // If MAP, the key class type.
      valueType;                                           // If MAP, the value class type.
   private final BeanMeta<T> beanMeta;                     // The bean meta for this bean class (if it's a bean).
   private final String
      typePropertyName,                                    // The property name of the _type property for this class and subclasses.
      notABeanReason,                                      // If this isn't a bean, the reason why.
      dictionaryName;                                      // The dictionary name of this class if it has one.
   private final Throwable initException;                  // Any exceptions thrown in the init() method.
   private final InvocationHandler invocationHandler;      // The invocation handler for this class (if it has one).
   private final BeanRegistry beanRegistry;                // The bean registry of this class meta (if it has one).
   private final ClassMeta<?>[] args;                      // Arg types if this is an array of args.

   private ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(false);
   private Lock rLock = lock.readLock(), wLock = lock.writeLock();

   /**
    * Construct a new {@code ClassMeta} based on the specified {@link Class}.
    * 
    * @param innerClass The class being wrapped.
    * @param beanContext The bean context that created this object.
    * @param implClass
    *    For interfaces and abstract classes, this represents the "real" class to instantiate.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param beanFilter
    *    The {@link BeanFilter} programmatically associated with this class.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param pojoSwap
    *    The {@link PojoSwap} programmatically associated with this class.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param childPojoSwap
    *    The child {@link PojoSwap PojoSwaps} programmatically associated with this class.
    *    These are the <code>PojoSwaps</code> that have normal classes that are subclasses of this class.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * @param delayedInit
    *    Don't call init() in constructor.
    *    Used for delayed initialization when the possibility of class reference loops exist.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
   ClassMeta(Class<T> innerClass, BeanContext beanContext, Class<? extends T> implClass, BeanFilter beanFilter, PojoSwap<T,?>[] pojoSwaps, PojoSwap<?,?>[] childPojoSwaps) {
      this.innerClass = innerClass;
      this.beanContext = beanContext;

      wLock.lock();
      try {
         // We always immediately add this class meta to the bean context cache so that we can resolve recursive references.
         if (beanContext != null && beanContext.cmCache != null)
            beanContext.cmCache.put(innerClass, this);

         ClassMetaBuilder<T> builder = new ClassMetaBuilder(innerClass, beanContext, implClass, beanFilter, pojoSwaps, childPojoSwaps);

         this.cc = builder.cc;
         this.isDelegate = builder.isDelegate;
         this.fromStringMethod = builder.fromStringMethod;
         this.swapMethod = builder.swapMethod;
         this.unswapMethod = builder.unswapMethod;
         this.swapMethodType = builder.swapMethodType;
         this.parentPropertyMethod = builder.parentPropertyMethod;
         this.namePropertyMethod = builder.namePropertyMethod;
         this.noArgConstructor = builder.noArgConstructor;
         this.stringConstructor = builder.stringConstructor;
         this.swapConstructor = builder.swapConstructor;
         this.numberConstructor = builder.numberConstructor;
         this.numberConstructorType = builder.numberConstructorType;
         this.primitiveDefault = builder.primitiveDefault;
         this.publicMethods = builder.publicMethods;
         this.remoteableMethods = builder.remoteableMethods;
         this.beanFilter = beanFilter;
         this.pojoSwaps = builder.pojoSwaps.isEmpty() ? null : builder.pojoSwaps.toArray(new PojoSwap[builder.pojoSwaps.size()]);
         this.builderSwap = builder.builderSwap;
         this.extMeta = new MetadataMap();
         this.keyType = builder.keyType;
         this.valueType = builder.valueType;
         this.elementType = builder.elementType;
         this.notABeanReason = builder.notABeanReason;
         this.beanMeta = builder.beanMeta;
         this.initException = builder.initException;
         this.typePropertyName = builder.typePropertyName;
         this.dictionaryName = builder.dictionaryName;
         this.invocationHandler = builder.invocationHandler;
         this.beanRegistry = builder.beanRegistry;
         this.isMemberClass = builder.isMemberClass;
         this.isAbstract = builder.isAbstract;
         this.implClass = builder.implClass;
         this.childUnswapMap = builder.childUnswapMap;
         this.childSwapMap = builder.childSwapMap;
         this.childPojoSwaps = builder.childPojoSwaps;
         this.args = null;
      } finally {
         wLock.unlock();
      }
   }

   /**
    * Causes thread to wait until constructor has exited.
    */
   final void waitForInit() {
      rLock.lock();
      rLock.unlock();
   }

   /**
    * Copy constructor.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Used for creating Map and Collection class metas that shouldn't be cached.
    */
   ClassMeta(ClassMeta<T> mainType, ClassMeta<?> keyType, ClassMeta<?> valueType, ClassMeta<?> elementType) {
      this.innerClass = mainType.innerClass;
      this.implClass = mainType.implClass;
      this.childPojoSwaps = mainType.childPojoSwaps;
      this.childSwapMap = mainType.childSwapMap;
      this.childUnswapMap = mainType.childUnswapMap;
      this.cc = mainType.cc;
      this.fromStringMethod = mainType.fromStringMethod;
      this.noArgConstructor = mainType.noArgConstructor;
      this.stringConstructor = mainType.stringConstructor;
      this.numberConstructor = mainType.numberConstructor;
      this.swapConstructor = mainType.swapConstructor;
      this.swapMethodType = mainType.swapMethodType;
      this.numberConstructorType = mainType.numberConstructorType;
      this.swapMethod = mainType.swapMethod;
      this.unswapMethod = mainType.unswapMethod;
      this.namePropertyMethod = mainType.namePropertyMethod;
      this.parentPropertyMethod = mainType.parentPropertyMethod;
      this.isDelegate = mainType.isDelegate;
      this.isAbstract = mainType.isAbstract;
      this.isMemberClass = mainType.isMemberClass;
      this.primitiveDefault = mainType.primitiveDefault;
      this.remoteableMethods = mainType.remoteableMethods;
      this.publicMethods = mainType.publicMethods;
      this.beanContext = mainType.beanContext;
      this.elementType = elementType;
      this.keyType = keyType;
      this.valueType = valueType;
      this.invocationHandler = mainType.invocationHandler;
      this.beanMeta = mainType.beanMeta;
      this.typePropertyName = mainType.typePropertyName;
      this.dictionaryName = mainType.dictionaryName;
      this.notABeanReason = mainType.notABeanReason;
      this.pojoSwaps = mainType.pojoSwaps;
      this.builderSwap = mainType.builderSwap;
      this.beanFilter = mainType.beanFilter;
      this.extMeta = mainType.extMeta;
      this.initException = mainType.initException;
      this.beanRegistry = mainType.beanRegistry;
      this.args = null;
   }

   /**
    * Constructor for args-arrays.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   ClassMeta(ClassMeta<?>[] args) {
      this.innerClass = (Class<T>) Object[].class;
      this.args = args;
      this.implClass = null;
      this.childPojoSwaps = null;
      this.childSwapMap = null;
      this.childUnswapMap = null;
      this.cc = ARGS;
      this.fromStringMethod = null;
      this.noArgConstructor = null;
      this.stringConstructor = null;
      this.numberConstructor = null;
      this.swapConstructor = null;
      this.swapMethodType = null;
      this.numberConstructorType = null;
      this.swapMethod = null;
      this.unswapMethod = null;
      this.namePropertyMethod = null;
      this.parentPropertyMethod = null;
      this.isDelegate = false;
      this.isAbstract = false;
      this.isMemberClass = false;
      this.primitiveDefault = null;
      this.remoteableMethods = null;
      this.publicMethods = null;
      this.beanContext = null;
      this.elementType = null;
      this.keyType = null;
      this.valueType = null;
      this.invocationHandler = null;
      this.beanMeta = null;
      this.typePropertyName = null;
      this.dictionaryName = null;
      this.notABeanReason = null;
      this.pojoSwaps = null;
      this.builderSwap = null;
      this.beanFilter = null;
      this.extMeta = new MetadataMap();
      this.initException = null;
      this.beanRegistry = null;
   }

   @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked","rawtypes","hiding"})
   private final class ClassMetaBuilder<T> {
      Class<T> innerClass;
      Class<? extends T> implClass;
      BeanContext beanContext;
      ClassCategory cc = ClassCategory.OTHER;
      boolean
         isDelegate = false,
         isMemberClass = false,
         isAbstract = false;
      Method
         fromStringMethod = null,
         swapMethod = null,
         unswapMethod = null;
      Setter
         parentPropertyMethod = null,
         namePropertyMethod = null;
      Constructor<T>
         noArgConstructor = null,
         stringConstructor = null,
         swapConstructor = null,
         numberConstructor = null;
      Class<?>
         swapMethodType = null,
         numberConstructorType = null;
      Object primitiveDefault = null;
      Map<String,Method>
         publicMethods = new LinkedHashMap<>(),
         remoteableMethods = new LinkedHashMap<>();
      ClassMeta<?>
         keyType = null,
         valueType = null,
         elementType = null;
      String
         typePropertyName = null,
         notABeanReason = null,
         dictionaryName = null;
      Throwable initException = null;
      BeanMeta beanMeta = null;
      List<PojoSwap> pojoSwaps = new ArrayList<>();
      BuilderSwap builderSwap;
      InvocationHandler invocationHandler = null;
      BeanRegistry beanRegistry = null;
      PojoSwap<?,?>[] childPojoSwaps;
      ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>,PojoSwap<?,?>>
         childSwapMap,
         childUnswapMap;

      ClassMetaBuilder(Class<T> innerClass, BeanContext beanContext, Class<? extends T> implClass, BeanFilter beanFilter, PojoSwap<T,?>[] pojoSwaps, PojoSwap<?,?>[] childPojoSwaps) {
         this.innerClass = innerClass;
         this.beanContext = beanContext;

         this.implClass = implClass;
         this.childPojoSwaps = childPojoSwaps;
         this.childSwapMap = childPojoSwaps == null ? null : new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>,PojoSwap<?,?>>();
         this.childUnswapMap = childPojoSwaps == null ? null : new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>,PojoSwap<?,?>>();

         Class<T> c = innerClass;
         if (c.isPrimitive()) {
            if (c == Boolean.TYPE)
               cc = BOOLEAN;
            else if (c == Byte.TYPE || c == Short.TYPE || c == Integer.TYPE || c == Long.TYPE || c == Float.TYPE || c == Double.TYPE) {
               if (c == Float.TYPE || c == Double.TYPE)
                  cc = DECIMAL;
               else
                  cc = NUMBER;
            }
            else if (c == Character.TYPE)
               cc = CHAR;
            else if (c == void.class || c == Void.class)
               cc = VOID;
         } else {
            if (isParentClass(Delegate.class, c))
               isDelegate = true;

            if (c == Object.class)
               cc = OBJ;
            else if (c.isEnum())
               cc = ENUM;
            else if (c.equals(Class.class))
               cc = CLASS;
            else if (isParentClass(Method.class, c))
               cc = METHOD;
            else if (isParentClass(CharSequence.class, c)) {
               if (c.equals(String.class))
                  cc = STR;
               else
                  cc = CHARSEQ;
            }
            else if (isParentClass(Number.class, c)) {
               if (isParentClass(Float.class, c) || isParentClass(Double.class, c))
                  cc = DECIMAL;
               else
                  cc = NUMBER;
            }
            else if (isParentClass(Collection.class, c))
               cc = COLLECTION;
            else if (isParentClass(Map.class, c)) {
               if (isParentClass(BeanMap.class, c))
                  cc = BEANMAP;
               else
                  cc = MAP;
            }
            else if (c == Character.class)
               cc = CHAR;
            else if (c == Boolean.class)
               cc = BOOLEAN;
            else if (isParentClass(Date.class, c) || isParentClass(Calendar.class, c))
               cc = DATE;
            else if (c.isArray())
               cc = ARRAY;
            else if (isParentClass(URL.class, c) || isParentClass(URI.class, c) || c.isAnnotationPresent(org.apache.juneau.annotation.URI.class))
               cc = URI;
            else if (isParentClass(Reader.class, c))
               cc = READER;
            else if (isParentClass(InputStream.class, c))
               cc = INPUTSTREAM;
         }

         isMemberClass = c.isMemberClass() && ! isStatic(c);

         // Find static fromString(String) or equivalent method.
         // fromString() must be checked before valueOf() so that Enum classes can create their own
         //    specialized fromString() methods to override the behavior of Enum.valueOf(String).
         // valueOf() is used by enums.
         // parse() is used by the java logging Level class.
         // forName() is used by Class and Charset
         for (String methodName : new String[]{"fromString","fromValue","valueOf","parse","parseString","forName","forString"}) {
            if (fromStringMethod == null) {
               for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
                  if (isStatic(m) && isPublic(m) && isNotDeprecated(m)) {
                     String mName = m.getName();
                     if (mName.equals(methodName) && m.getReturnType() == c) {
                        Class<?>[] args = m.getParameterTypes();
                        if (args.length == 1 && args[0] == String.class) {
                           fromStringMethod = m;
                           break;
                        }
                     }
                  }
               }
            }
         }

         // Special cases
         try {
            if (c == TimeZone.class)
               fromStringMethod = c.getMethod("getTimeZone", String.class);
            else if (c == Locale.class)
               fromStringMethod = LocaleAsString.class.getMethod("fromString", String.class);
         } catch (NoSuchMethodException e1) {}

         // Find swap() method if present.
         for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
            if (isPublic(m) && isNotDeprecated(m) && ! isStatic(m)) {
               String mName = m.getName();
               if (mName.equals("swap")) {
                  Class<?>[] pt = m.getParameterTypes();
                  if (pt.length == 1 && pt[0] == BeanSession.class) {
                     swapMethod = m;
                     swapMethodType = m.getReturnType();
                     break;
                  }
               }
            }
         }
         // Find unswap() method if present.
         if (swapMethod != null) {
            for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
               if (isPublic(m) && isNotDeprecated(m) && isStatic(m)) {
                  String mName = m.getName();
                  if (mName.equals("unswap")) {
                     Class<?>[] pt = m.getParameterTypes();
                     if (pt.length == 2 && pt[0] == BeanSession.class && pt[1] == swapMethodType) {
                        unswapMethod = m;
                        break;
                     }
                  }
               }
            }
         }

         for (Field f : getAllFields(c, true)) {
            if (f.isAnnotationPresent(ParentProperty.class)) {
               f.setAccessible(true);
               parentPropertyMethod = new Setter.FieldSetter(f);
            }
            if (f.isAnnotationPresent(NameProperty.class)) {
               f.setAccessible(true);
               namePropertyMethod = new Setter.FieldSetter(f);
            }
         }

         // Find @NameProperty and @ParentProperty methods if present.
         for (Method m : getAllMethods(c, true)) {
            if (m.isAnnotationPresent(ParentProperty.class) && m.getParameterTypes().length == 1) {
               m.setAccessible(true);
               parentPropertyMethod = new Setter.MethodSetter(m);
            }
            if (m.isAnnotationPresent(NameProperty.class) && m.getParameterTypes().length == 1) {
               m.setAccessible(true);
               namePropertyMethod = new Setter.MethodSetter(m);
            }
         }

         // Note:  Primitive types are normally abstract.
         isAbstract = Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers()) && ! c.isPrimitive();

         // Find constructor(String) method if present.
         for (Constructor cs : c.getConstructors()) {
            if (isPublic(cs) && isNotDeprecated(cs)) {
               Class<?>[] args = cs.getParameterTypes();
               if (args.length == (isMemberClass ? 1 : 0) && c != Object.class && ! isAbstract) {
                  noArgConstructor = cs;
               } else if (args.length == (isMemberClass ? 2 : 1)) {
                  Class<?> arg = args[(isMemberClass ? 1 : 0)];
                  if (arg == String.class)
                     stringConstructor = cs;
                  else if (swapMethodType != null && swapMethodType.isAssignableFrom(arg))
                     swapConstructor = cs;
                  else if (cc != NUMBER && (Number.class.isAssignableFrom(arg) || (arg.isPrimitive() && (arg == int.class || arg == short.class || arg == long.class || arg == float.class || arg == double.class)))) {
                     numberConstructor = cs;
                     numberConstructorType = getWrapperIfPrimitive(arg);
                  }
               }
            }
         }

         primitiveDefault = ClassUtils.getPrimitiveDefault(c);

         for (Method m : c.getMethods())
            if (isPublic(m) && isNotDeprecated(m))
               publicMethods.put(getMethodSignature(m), m);

         Map<Class<?>,Remoteable> remoteableMap = findAnnotationsMap(Remoteable.class, c);
         if (! remoteableMap.isEmpty()) {
            Map.Entry<Class<?>,Remoteable> e = remoteableMap.entrySet().iterator().next();  // Grab the first one.
            Class<?> ic = e.getKey();
            Remoteable r = e.getValue();
            String methodPaths = r.methodPaths();
            String expose = r.expose();
            for (Method m : "DECLARED".equals(expose) ? ic.getDeclaredMethods() : ic.getMethods()) {
               if (isPublic(m)) {
                  RemoteMethod rm = m.getAnnotation(RemoteMethod.class);
                  if (rm != null || ! "ANNOTATED".equals(expose)) {
                     String path = "NAME".equals(methodPaths) ? m.getName() : getMethodSignature(m);
                     remoteableMethods.put(path, m);
                  }
               }
            }
         }

         if (innerClass != Object.class) {
            noArgConstructor = (Constructor<T>)findNoArgConstructor(implClass == null ? innerClass : implClass, Visibility.PUBLIC);
         }

         if (beanFilter == null)
            beanFilter = findBeanFilter();

         if (swapMethod != null) {
            final Method fSwapMethod = swapMethod;
            final Method fUnswapMethod = unswapMethod;
            final Constructor<T> fSwapConstructor = swapConstructor;
            this.pojoSwaps.add(
               new PojoSwap<T,Object>(c, swapMethod.getReturnType()) {
                  @Override
                  public Object swap(BeanSession session, Object o) throws SerializeException {
                     try {
                        return fSwapMethod.invoke(o, session);
                     } catch (Exception e) {
                        throw new SerializeException(e);
                     }
                  }
                  @Override
                  public T unswap(BeanSession session, Object f, ClassMeta<?> hint) throws ParseException {
                     try {
                        if (fUnswapMethod != null)
                           return (T)fUnswapMethod.invoke(null, session, f);
                        if (fSwapConstructor != null)
                           return fSwapConstructor.newInstance(f);
                        return super.unswap(session, f, hint);
                     } catch (Exception e) {
                        throw new ParseException(e);
                     }
                  }
               }
            );
         }

         if (pojoSwaps != null)
            this.pojoSwaps.addAll(Arrays.asList(pojoSwaps));
         
         if (beanContext != null)
            this.builderSwap = BuilderSwap.findSwapFromPojoClass(c, beanContext.beanConstructorVisibility, beanContext.beanMethodVisibility);

         findPojoSwaps(this.pojoSwaps);

         try {

            // If this is an array, get the element type.
            if (cc == ARRAY)
               elementType = findClassMeta(innerClass.getComponentType());

            // If this is a MAP, see if it's parameterized (e.g. AddressBook extends HashMap<String,Person>)
            else if (cc == MAP) {
               ClassMeta[] parameters = findParameters();
               if (parameters != null && parameters.length == 2) {
                  keyType = parameters[0];
                  valueType = parameters[1];
               } else {
                  keyType = findClassMeta(Object.class);
                  valueType = findClassMeta(Object.class);
               }
            }

            // If this is a COLLECTION, see if it's parameterized (e.g. AddressBook extends LinkedList<Person>)
            else if (cc == COLLECTION) {
               ClassMeta[] parameters = findParameters();
               if (parameters != null && parameters.length == 1) {
                  elementType = parameters[0];
               } else {
                  elementType = findClassMeta(Object.class);
               }
            }

            // If the category is unknown, see if it's a bean.
            // Note that this needs to be done after all other initialization has been done.
            else if (cc == OTHER) {

               BeanMeta newMeta = null;
               try {
                  newMeta = new BeanMeta(ClassMeta.this, beanContext, beanFilter, null);
                  notABeanReason = newMeta.notABeanReason;

                  // Always get these even if it's not a bean:
                  beanRegistry = newMeta.beanRegistry;
                  typePropertyName = newMeta.typePropertyName;

               } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                  notABeanReason = e.getMessage();
                  throw e;
               }
               if (notABeanReason == null)
                  beanMeta = newMeta;
            }

         } catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
            initException = e;
         } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            initException = e;
            throw e;
         }

         if (beanMeta != null)
            dictionaryName = beanMeta.getDictionaryName();

         if (beanMeta != null && beanContext != null && beanContext.useInterfaceProxies && innerClass.isInterface())
            invocationHandler = new BeanProxyInvocationHandler<T>(beanMeta);

         Bean b = c.getAnnotation(Bean.class);
         if (b != null) {
            if (b.beanDictionary().length != 0)
               beanRegistry = new BeanRegistry(beanContext, null, b.beanDictionary());
            
            // This could be a non-bean POJO with a type name.
            if (dictionaryName == null && ! b.typeName().isEmpty())
               dictionaryName = b.typeName();
         }
      }

      private BeanFilter findBeanFilter() {
         try {
            Map<Class<?>,Bean> ba = findAnnotationsMap(Bean.class, innerClass);
            if (! ba.isEmpty())
               return new AnnotationBeanFilterBuilder(innerClass, ba).build();
         } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
         }
         return null;
      }

      private void findPojoSwaps(List<PojoSwap> l) {
         Swap swap = innerClass.getAnnotation(Swap.class);
         if (swap != null)
            l.add(createPojoSwap(swap));
         Swaps swaps = innerClass.getAnnotation(Swaps.class);
         if (swaps != null)
            for (Swap s : swaps.value())
               l.add(createPojoSwap(s));
      }

      private PojoSwap<T,?> createPojoSwap(Swap s) {
         Class<?> c = s.value();
         if (c == Null.class)
            c = s.impl();

         if (isParentClass(PojoSwap.class, c)) {
            PojoSwap ps = beanContext.newInstance(PojoSwap.class, c);
            if (s.mediaTypes().length > 0)
               ps.forMediaTypes(MediaType.forStrings(s.mediaTypes()));
            if (! s.template().isEmpty())
               ps.withTemplate(s.template());
            return ps;
         }

         if (isParentClass(Surrogate.class, c)) {
            List<SurrogateSwap<?,?>> l = SurrogateSwap.findPojoSwaps(c);
            if (! l.isEmpty())
               return (PojoSwap<T,?>)l.iterator().next();
         }

         throw new FormattedRuntimeException("Invalid swap class ''{0}'' specified.  Must extend from PojoSwap or Surrogate.", c);
      }

      private ClassMeta<?> findClassMeta(Class<?> c) {
         return beanContext.getClassMeta(c, false);
      }

      private ClassMeta<?>[] findParameters() {
         return beanContext.findParameters(innerClass, innerClass);
      }
   }


   /**
    * Returns the type property name associated with this class and subclasses.
    * 
    * <p>
    * If <jk>null</jk>, <js>"_type"</js> should be assumed.
    * 
    * @return
    *    The type property name associated with this bean class, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no explicit type
    *    property name defined or this isn't a bean.
    */
   public String getBeanTypePropertyName() {
      return typePropertyName;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the bean dictionary name associated with this class.
    * 
    * <p>
    * The lexical name is defined by {@link Bean#typeName() @Bean.typeName()}.
    * 
    * @return
    *    The type name associated with this bean class, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no type name defined or this
    *    isn't a bean.
    */
   public String getDictionaryName() {
      return dictionaryName;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the bean registry for this class.
    * 
    * <p>
    * This bean registry contains names specified in the {@link Bean#beanDictionary() @Bean.beanDictionary()} annotation 
    * defined on the class, regardless of whether the class is an actual bean.
    * This allows interfaces to define subclasses with type names.
    * 
    * @return The bean registry for this class, or <jk>null</jk> if no bean registry is associated with it.
    */
   public BeanRegistry getBeanRegistry() {
      return beanRegistry;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the category of this class.
    * 
    * @return The category of this class.
    */
   public ClassCategory getClassCategory() {
      return cc;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a superclass of or the same as the specified class.
    * 
    * @param c The comparison class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a superclass of or the same as the specified class.
    */
   public boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> c) {
      return isParentClass(innerClass, c);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of or the same as the specified class.
    * 
    * @param c The comparison class.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of or the same as the specified class.
    */
   public boolean isInstanceOf(Class<?> c) {
      return isParentClass(c, innerClass);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class or any child classes has a {@link PojoSwap} associated with it.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Used when transforming bean properties to prevent having to look up transforms if we know for certain that no
    * transforms are associated with a bean property.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class or any child classes has a {@link PojoSwap} associated with it.
    */
   protected boolean hasChildPojoSwaps() {
      return childPojoSwaps != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link PojoSwap} where the specified class is the same/subclass of the normal class of one of the
    * child POJO swaps associated with this class.
    * 
    * @param normalClass The normal class being resolved.
    * @return The resolved {@link PojoSwap} or <jk>null</jk> if none were found.
    */
   protected PojoSwap<?,?> getChildPojoSwapForSwap(Class<?> normalClass) {
      if (childSwapMap != null) {
         PojoSwap<?,?> s = childSwapMap.get(normalClass);
         if (s == null) {
            for (PojoSwap<?,?> f : childPojoSwaps)
               if (s == null && isParentClass(f.getNormalClass(), normalClass))
                  s = f;
            if (s == null)
               s = PojoSwap.NULL;
            PojoSwap<?,?> s2 = childSwapMap.putIfAbsent(normalClass, s);
            if (s2 != null)
               s = s2;
         }
         if (s == PojoSwap.NULL)
            return null;
         return s;
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link PojoSwap} where the specified class is the same/subclass of the swap class of one of the child
    * POJO swaps associated with this class.
    * 
    * @param swapClass The swap class being resolved.
    * @return The resolved {@link PojoSwap} or <jk>null</jk> if none were found.
    */
   protected PojoSwap<?,?> getChildPojoSwapForUnswap(Class<?> swapClass) {
      if (childUnswapMap != null) {
         PojoSwap<?,?> s = childUnswapMap.get(swapClass);
         if (s == null) {
            for (PojoSwap<?,?> f : childPojoSwaps)
               if (s == null && isParentClass(f.getSwapClass(), swapClass))
                  s = f;
            if (s == null)
               s = PojoSwap.NULL;
            PojoSwap<?,?> s2 = childUnswapMap.putIfAbsent(swapClass, s);
            if (s2 != null)
               s = s2;
         }
         if (s == PojoSwap.NULL)
            return null;
         return s;
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Locates the no-arg constructor for the specified class.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Constructor must match the visibility requirements specified by parameter 'v'.
    * If class is abstract, always returns <jk>null</jk>.
    * Note that this also returns the 1-arg constructor for non-static member classes.
    * 
    * @param c The class from which to locate the no-arg constructor.
    * @param v The minimum visibility.
    * @return The constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if no no-arg constructor exists with the required visibility.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
   protected static <T> Constructor<? extends T> findNoArgConstructor(Class<?> c, Visibility v) {
      int mod = c.getModifiers();
      if (Modifier.isAbstract(mod))
         return null;
      boolean isMemberClass = c.isMemberClass() && ! isStatic(c);
      for (Constructor cc : c.getConstructors()) {
         mod = cc.getModifiers();
         if (cc.getParameterTypes().length == (isMemberClass ? 1 : 0) && v.isVisible(mod) && isNotDeprecated(cc))
            return v.transform(cc);
      }
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link Class} object that this class type wraps.
    * 
    * @return The wrapped class object.
    */
   public Class<T> getInnerClass() {
      return innerClass;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the serialized (swapped) form of this class if there is an {@link PojoSwap} associated with it.
    * 
    * @param session
    *    The bean session.
    *    <br>Required because the swap used may depend on the media type being serialized or parsed.
    * @return The serialized class type, or this object if no swap is associated with the class.
    */
   @BeanIgnore
   public ClassMeta<?> getSerializedClassMeta(BeanSession session) {
      PojoSwap<T,?> ps = getPojoSwap(session);
      return (ps == null ? this : ps.getSwapClassMeta(session));
   }

   /**
    * For array and {@code Collection} types, returns the class type of the components of the array or
    * {@code Collection}.
    * 
    * @return The element class type, or <jk>null</jk> if this class is not an array or Collection.
    */
   public ClassMeta<?> getElementType() {
      return elementType;
   }

   /**
    * For {@code Map} types, returns the class type of the keys of the {@code Map}.
    * 
    * @return The key class type, or <jk>null</jk> if this class is not a Map.
    */
   public ClassMeta<?> getKeyType() {
      return keyType;
   }

   /**
    * For {@code Map} types, returns the class type of the values of the {@code Map}.
    * 
    * @return The value class type, or <jk>null</jk> if this class is not a Map.
    */
   public ClassMeta<?> getValueType() {
      return valueType;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class implements {@link Delegate}, meaning it's a representation of some other
    * object.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class implements {@link Delegate}.
    */
   public boolean isDelegate() {
      return isDelegate;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Map}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Map}.
    */
   public boolean isMap() {
      return cc == MAP || cc == BEANMAP;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Map} or it's a bean.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Map} or it's a bean.
    */
   public boolean isMapOrBean() {
      return cc == MAP || cc == BEANMAP || beanMeta != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link BeanMap}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link BeanMap}.
    */
   public boolean isBeanMap() {
      return cc == BEANMAP;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Collection}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Collection}.
    */
   public boolean isCollection() {
      return cc == COLLECTION;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Collection} or is an array.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Collection} or is an array.
    */
   public boolean isCollectionOrArray() {
      return cc == COLLECTION || cc == ARRAY;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Class}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Class}.
    */
   public boolean isClass() {
      return cc == CLASS;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Method}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Method}.
    */
   public boolean isMethod() {
      return cc == METHOD;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an {@link Enum}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an {@link Enum}.
    */
   public boolean isEnum() {
      return cc == ENUM;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an array.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an array.
    */
   public boolean isArray() {
      return cc == ARRAY;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a bean.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a bean.
    */
   public boolean isBean() {
      return beanMeta != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Object}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Object}.
    */
   public boolean isObject() {
      return cc == OBJ;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is not {@link Object}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is not {@link Object}.
    */
   public boolean isNotObject() {
      return cc != OBJ;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Number}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Number}.
    */
   public boolean isNumber() {
      return cc == NUMBER || cc == DECIMAL;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Float} or {@link Double}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link Float} or {@link Double}.
    */
   public boolean isDecimal() {
      return cc == DECIMAL;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Boolean}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Boolean}.
    */
   public boolean isBoolean() {
      return cc == BOOLEAN;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link CharSequence}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a subclass of {@link CharSequence}.
    */
   public boolean isCharSequence() {
      return cc == STR || cc == CHARSEQ;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link String}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link String}.
    */
   public boolean isString() {
      return cc == STR;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Character}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Character}.
    */
   public boolean isChar() {
      return cc == CHAR;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a primitive.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a primitive.
    */
   public boolean isPrimitive() {
      return innerClass.isPrimitive();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Date} or {@link Calendar}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Date} or {@link Calendar}.
    */
   public boolean isDate() {
      return cc == DATE;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link URI} or {@link URL}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link URI} or {@link URL}.
    */
   public boolean isUri() {
      return cc == URI;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Reader}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is a {@link Reader}.
    */
   public boolean isReader() {
      return cc == READER;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an {@link InputStream}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an {@link InputStream}.
    */
   public boolean isInputStream() {
      return cc == INPUTSTREAM;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Void} or <jk>void</jk>.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is {@link Void} or <jk>void</jk>.
    */
   public boolean isVoid() {
      return cc == VOID;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this metadata represents an array of argument types.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this metadata represents an array of argument types.
    */
   public boolean isArgs() {
      return cc == ARGS;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the argument types of this meta.
    * 
    * @return The argument types of this meta, or <jk>null</jk> if this isn't an array of argument types.
    */
   public ClassMeta<?>[] getArgs() {
      return args;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the argument metadata at the specified index if this is an args metadata object.
    * 
    * @param index The argument index.
    * @return The The argument metadata.  Never <jk>null</jk>.
    * @throws BeanRuntimeException If this metadata object is not a list of arguments, or the index is out of range.
    */
   public ClassMeta<?> getArg(int index) {
      if (args != null && index >= 0 && index < args.length)
         return args[index];
      throw new BeanRuntimeException("Invalid argument index specified:  {0}.  Only {1} arguments are defined.", index, args == null ? 0 : args.length);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if instance of this object can be <jk>null</jk>.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Objects can be <jk>null</jk>, but primitives cannot, except for chars which can be represented by
    * <code>(<jk>char</jk>)0</code>.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if instance of this class can be null.
    */
   public boolean isNullable() {
      if (innerClass.isPrimitive())
         return cc == CHAR;
      return true;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class or one of it's methods are annotated with {@link Remoteable @Remotable}.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is remoteable.
    */
   public boolean isRemoteable() {
      return remoteableMethods != null;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is abstract.
    */
   public boolean isAbstract() {
      return isAbstract;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class is an inner class.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class is an inner class.
    */
   public boolean isMemberClass() {
      return isMemberClass;
   }

   /**
    * All methods on this class annotated with {@link Remoteable @Remotable}, or all public methods if class is
    * annotated.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Keys are method signatures.
    * 
    * @return All remoteable methods on this class.
    */
   public Map<String,Method> getRemoteableMethods() {
      return remoteableMethods;
   }

   /**
    * All public methods on this class including static methods.
    * 
    * <p>
    * Keys are method signatures.
    * 
    * @return The public methods on this class.
    */
   public Map<String,Method> getPublicMethods() {
      return publicMethods;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link PojoSwap} associated with this class that's the best match for the specified session.
    * 
    * @param session
    *    The current bean session.
    *    <br>If multiple swaps are associated with a class, only the first one with a matching media type will
    *    be returned.
    * @return
    *    The {@link PojoSwap} associated with this class, or <jk>null</jk> if there are no POJO swaps associated with
    *    this class.
    */
   public PojoSwap<T,?> getPojoSwap(BeanSession session) {
      if (pojoSwaps != null) {
         int matchQuant = 0, matchIndex = -1;

         for (int i = 0; i < pojoSwaps.length; i++) {
            int q = pojoSwaps[i].match(session);
            if (q > matchQuant) {
               matchQuant = q;
               matchIndex = i;
            }
         }

         if (matchIndex > -1)
            return pojoSwaps[matchIndex];
      }
      return null;
   }
   
   /**
    * Returns the builder swap associated with this class.
    * 
    * @param session The current bean session.
    * @return The builder swap associated with this class, or <jk>null</jk> if it doesn't exist.
    */
   public BuilderSwap<T,?> getBuilderSwap(BeanSession session) {
      return builderSwap;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link BeanMeta} associated with this class.
    * 
    * @return
    *    The {@link BeanMeta} associated with this class, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no bean meta associated with
    *    this class.
    */
   public BeanMeta<T> getBeanMeta() {
      return beanMeta;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the no-arg constructor for this class.
    * 
    * @return The no-arg constructor for this class, or <jk>null</jk> if it does not exist.
    */
   public Constructor<? extends T> getConstructor() {
      return noArgConstructor;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the language-specified extended metadata on this class.
    * 
    * @param c The name of the metadata class to create.
    * @return Extended metadata on this class.  Never <jk>null</jk>.
    */
   public <M extends ClassMetaExtended> M getExtendedMeta(Class<M> c) {
      return extMeta.get(c, this);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the interface proxy invocation handler for this class.
    * 
    * @return The interface proxy invocation handler, or <jk>null</jk> if it does not exist.
    */
   public InvocationHandler getProxyInvocationHandler() {
      return invocationHandler;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has a no-arg constructor or invocation handler.
    * 
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if a new instance of this class can be constructed.
    */
   public boolean canCreateNewInstance() {
      if (isMemberClass)
         return false;
      if (noArgConstructor != null)
         return true;
      if (getProxyInvocationHandler() != null)
         return true;
      if (isArray() && elementType.canCreateNewInstance())
         return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class has a no-arg constructor or invocation handler.
    * Returns <jk>false</jk> if this is a non-static member class and the outer object does not match the class type of
    * the defining class.
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.  Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @return
    *    <jk>true</jk> if a new instance of this class can be created within the context of the specified outer object.
    */
   public boolean canCreateNewInstance(Object outer) {
      if (isMemberClass)
         return outer != null && noArgConstructor != null && noArgConstructor.getParameterTypes()[0] == outer.getClass();
      return canCreateNewInstance();
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class can be instantiated as a bean.
    * Returns <jk>false</jk> if this is a non-static member class and the outer object does not match the class type of
    * the defining class.
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.  Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @return
    *    <jk>true</jk> if a new instance of this bean can be created within the context of the specified outer object.
    */
   public boolean canCreateNewBean(Object outer) {
      if (beanMeta == null)
         return false;
      if (beanMeta.constructor == null)
         return false;
      if (isMemberClass)
         return outer != null && beanMeta.constructor.getParameterTypes()[0] == outer.getClass();
      return true;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class can call the {@link #newInstanceFromString(Object, String)} method.
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class has a no-arg constructor or invocation handler.
    */
   public boolean canCreateNewInstanceFromString(Object outer) {
      if (fromStringMethod != null)
         return true;
      if (stringConstructor != null) {
         if (isMemberClass)
            return outer != null && stringConstructor.getParameterTypes()[0] == outer.getClass();
         return true;
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this class can call the {@link #newInstanceFromString(Object, String)} method.
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if this class has a no-arg constructor or invocation handler.
    */
   public boolean canCreateNewInstanceFromNumber(Object outer) {
      if (numberConstructor != null) {
         if (isMemberClass)
            return outer != null && numberConstructor.getParameterTypes()[0] == outer.getClass();
         return true;
      }
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the class type of the parameter of the numeric constructor.
    * 
    * @return The class type of the numeric constructor, or <jk>null</jk> if no such constructor exists.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public Class<? extends Number> getNewInstanceFromNumberClass() {
      return (Class<? extends Number>) numberConstructorType;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the method or field annotated with {@link NameProperty @NameProperty}.
    * 
    * @return
    *    The method or field  annotated with {@link NameProperty @NameProperty} or <jk>null</jk> if method does not
    *    exist.
    */
   public Setter getNameProperty() {
      return namePropertyMethod;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the method or field annotated with {@link ParentProperty @ParentProperty}.
    * 
    * @return
    *    The method or field annotated with {@link ParentProperty @ParentProperty} or <jk>null</jk> if method does not
    *    exist.
    */
   public Setter getParentProperty() {
      return parentPropertyMethod;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the reason why this class is not a bean, or <jk>null</jk> if it is a bean.
    * 
    * @return The reason why this class is not a bean, or <jk>null</jk> if it is a bean.
    */
   public synchronized String getNotABeanReason() {
      return notABeanReason;
   }

   /**
    * Returns any exception that was throw in the <code>init()</code> method.
    * 
    * @return The cached exception.
    */
   public Throwable getInitException() {
      return initException;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the {@link BeanContext} that created this object.
    * 
    * @return The bean context.
    */
   public BeanContext getBeanContext() {
      return beanContext;
   }

   /**
    * Returns the default value for primitives such as <jk>int</jk> or <jk>Integer</jk>.
    * 
    * @return The default value, or <jk>null</jk> if this class type is not a primitive.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public T getPrimitiveDefault() {
      return (T)primitiveDefault;
   }

   /**
    * Create a new instance of the main class of this declared type from a <code>String</code> input.
    * 
    * <p>
    * In order to use this method, the class must have one of the following methods:
    * <ul>
    *    <li><code><jk>public static</jk> T valueOf(String in);</code>
    *    <li><code><jk>public static</jk> T fromString(String in);</code>
    *    <li><code><jk>public</jk> T(String in);</code>
    * </ul>
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.  Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @param arg The input argument value.
    * @return A new instance of the object, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no string constructor on the object.
    * @throws IllegalAccessException
    *    If the <code>Constructor</code> object enforces Java language access control and the underlying constructor is
    *    inaccessible.
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the parameter type on the method was invalid.
    * @throws InstantiationException
    *    If the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class, or does not have one of
    *    the methods described above.
    * @throws InvocationTargetException If the underlying constructor throws an exception.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public T newInstanceFromString(Object outer, String arg) throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
      Method m = fromStringMethod;
      if (m != null)
         return (T)m.invoke(null, arg);
      Constructor<T> c = stringConstructor;
      if (c != null) {
         if (isMemberClass)
            return c.newInstance(outer, arg);
         return c.newInstance(arg);
      }
      throw new InstantiationError("No string constructor or valueOf(String) method found for class '"+getInnerClass().getName()+"'");
   }

   /**
    * Create a new instance of the main class of this declared type from a <code>Number</code> input.
    * 
    * <p>
    * In order to use this method, the class must have one of the following methods:
    * <ul>
    *    <li><code><jk>public</jk> T(Number in);</code>
    * </ul>
    * 
    * @param session The current bean session.
    * @param outer
    *    The outer class object for non-static member classes.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk> for non-member or static classes.
    * @param arg The input argument value.
    * @return A new instance of the object, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no numeric constructor on the object.
    * @throws IllegalAccessException
    *    If the <code>Constructor</code> object enforces Java language access control and the underlying constructor is
    *    inaccessible.
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the parameter type on the method was invalid.
    * @throws InstantiationException
    *    If the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class, or does not have one of
    *    the methods described above.
    * @throws InvocationTargetException If the underlying constructor throws an exception.
    */
   public T newInstanceFromNumber(BeanSession session, Object outer, Number arg) throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
      Constructor<T> c = numberConstructor;
      if (c != null) {
         Object arg2 = session.convertToType(arg, numberConstructor.getParameterTypes()[0]);
         if (isMemberClass)
            return c.newInstance(outer, arg2);
         return c.newInstance(arg2);
      }
      throw new InstantiationError("No string constructor or valueOf(Number) method found for class '"+getInnerClass().getName()+"'");
   }

   /**
    * Create a new instance of the main class of this declared type.
    * 
    * @return A new instance of the object, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no no-arg constructor on the object.
    * @throws IllegalAccessException
    *    If the <code>Constructor</code> object enforces Java language access control and the underlying constructor is
    *    inaccessible.
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    *    If one of the following occurs:
    *    <ul class='spaced-list'>
    *       <li>
    *          The number of actual and formal parameters differ.
    *       <li>
    *          An unwrapping conversion for primitive arguments fails.
    *       <li>
    *          A parameter value cannot be converted to the corresponding formal parameter type by a method invocation
    *          conversion.
    *       <li>
    *          The constructor pertains to an enum type.
    *    </ul>
    * @throws InstantiationException If the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class.
    * @throws InvocationTargetException If the underlying constructor throws an exception.
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public T newInstance() throws IllegalArgumentException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
      if (isArray())
         return (T)Array.newInstance(getInnerClass().getComponentType(), 0);
      Constructor<? extends T> c = getConstructor();
      if (c != null)
         return c.newInstance((Object[])null);
      InvocationHandler h = getProxyInvocationHandler();
      if (h != null)
         return (T)Proxy.newProxyInstance(this.getClass().getClassLoader(), new Class[] { getInnerClass(), java.io.Serializable.class }, h);
      if (isArray())
         return (T)Array.newInstance(this.elementType.innerClass,0);
      return null;
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #newInstance()} except for instantiating non-static member classes.
    * 
    * @param outer
    *    The instance of the owning object of the member class instance.
    *    Can be <jk>null</jk> if instantiating a non-member or static class.
    * @return A new instance of the object, or <jk>null</jk> if there is no no-arg constructor on the object.
    * @throws IllegalAccessException
    *    If the <code>Constructor</code> object enforces Java language access control and the underlying constructor is
    *    inaccessible.
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    *    If one of the following occurs:
    *    <ul class='spaced-list'>
    *       <li>
    *          The number of actual and formal parameters differ.
    *       <li>
    *          An unwrapping conversion for primitive arguments fails.
    *       <li>
    *          A parameter value cannot be converted to the corresponding formal parameter type by a method invocation
    *          conversion.
    *       <li>
    *          The constructor pertains to an enum type.
    *    </ul>
    * @throws InstantiationException If the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class.
    * @throws InvocationTargetException If the underlying constructor throws an exception.
    */
   public T newInstance(Object outer) throws IllegalArgumentException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
      if (isMemberClass)
         return noArgConstructor.newInstance(outer);
      return newInstance();
   }

   /**
    * Checks to see if the specified class type is the same as this one.
    * 
    * @param t The specified class type.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class type is the same as the class for this type.
    */
   @Override /* Object */
   public boolean equals(Object t) {
      if (t == null || ! (t instanceof ClassMeta))
         return false;
      ClassMeta<?> t2 = (ClassMeta<?>)t;
      return t2.getInnerClass() == this.getInnerClass();
   }

   /**
    * Similar to {@link #equals(Object)} except primitive and Object types that are similar are considered the same.
    * (e.g. <jk>boolean</jk> == <code>Boolean</code>).
    * 
    * @param cm The class meta to compare to.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified class-meta is equivalent to this one.
    */
   public boolean same(ClassMeta<?> cm) {
      if (equals(cm))
         return true;
      return (isPrimitive() && cc == cm.cc);
   }

   @Override /* Object */
   public String toString() {
      return toString(false);
   }

   /**
    * Same as {@link #toString()} except use simple class names.
    * 
    * @param simple Print simple class names only (no package).
    * @return A new string.
    */
   public String toString(boolean simple) {
      return toString(new StringBuilder(), simple).toString();
   }

   /**
    * Appends this object as a readable string to the specified string builder.
    * 
    * @param sb The string builder to append this object to.
    * @param simple Print simple class names only (no package).
    * @return The same string builder passed in (for method chaining).
    */
   protected StringBuilder toString(StringBuilder sb, boolean simple) {
      String n = innerClass.getName();
      if (simple) {
         int i = n.lastIndexOf('.');
         n = n.substring(i == -1 ? 0 : i+1).replace('$', '.');
      }
      if (cc == ARRAY)
         return elementType.toString(sb, simple).append('[').append(']');
      if (cc == MAP)
         return sb.append(n).append(keyType.isObject() && valueType.isObject() ? "" : "<"+keyType.toString(simple)+","+valueType.toString(simple)+">");
      if (cc == BEANMAP)
         return sb.append(BeanMap.class.getName()).append('<').append(n).append('>');
      if (cc == COLLECTION)
         return sb.append(n).append(elementType.isObject() ? "" : "<"+elementType.toString(simple)+">");
      if (cc == OTHER && beanMeta == null) {
         if (simple)
            return sb.append(n);
         sb.append("OTHER-").append(n).append(",notABeanReason=").append(notABeanReason);
         if (initException != null)
            sb.append(",initException=").append(initException);
         return sb;
      }
      return sb.append(n);
   }

   /**
    * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the specified object is an instance of this class.
    * 
    * <p>
    * This is a simple comparison on the base class itself and not on any generic parameters.
    * 
    * @param o The object to check.
    * @return <jk>true</jk> if the specified object is an instance of this class.
    */
   public boolean isInstance(Object o) {
      if (o != null)
         return isParentClass(this.innerClass, o.getClass());
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * Returns a readable name for this class (e.g. <js>"java.lang.String"</js>, <js>"boolean[]"</js>).
    * 
    * @return The readable name for this class.
    */
   public String getReadableName() {
      return getReadableClassName(this.innerClass);
   }

   private static class LocaleAsString {
      private static Method forLanguageTagMethod;
      static {
         try {
            forLanguageTagMethod = Locale.class.getMethod("forLanguageTag", String.class);
         } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {}
      }

      @SuppressWarnings("unused")
      public static final Locale fromString(String localeString) {
         if (forLanguageTagMethod != null) {
            if (localeString.indexOf('_') != -1)
               localeString = localeString.replace('_', '-');
            try {
               return (Locale)forLanguageTagMethod.invoke(null, localeString);
            } catch (Exception e) {
               throw new BeanRuntimeException(e);
            }
         }
         String[] v = localeString.toString().split("[\\-\\_]");
         if (v.length == 1)
            return new Locale(v[0]);
         else if (v.length == 2)
            return new Locale(v[0], v[1]);
         else if (v.length == 3)
            return new Locale(v[0], v[1], v[2]);
         throw new BeanRuntimeException("Could not convert string ''{0}'' to a Locale.", localeString);
      }
   }

   @Override /* Object */
   public int hashCode() {
      return super.hashCode();
   }
}